Read the following case study:

India is well on its way to becoming a small car manufacturing hub for some of the world’s largest automobile companies. Between 2004 and 2011, automobile exports from India jumped from 50,000 to 450,000 per year. De-spite a global economic slowdown, exports are predicted to increase, reaching 720,000 vehicles a year by 2016. The leading Indian exporter is the Korean company Hyundai, which committed early to the Indian market. Hyundai began production in India in 1998, when consumers were only purchasing 300,000 cars a year, de-spite the country’s population of almost 1 billion people ( in 2011, more than 3 million cars were sold in India). Hyundai invested in a plant in the southern city of Chennai with the capacity to turn out 100,000 cheap small cars a year. It had to train most of the workers from scratch, often giving them two years of on- the- job training before hiring them full time. Soon, Hyundai’s early investments were paying off as India’s emerging middle class snapped up its cars. Still, the company had excess capacity, so it turned its attention to exports. By 2004, Hyundai was the country’s largest automobile exporter, shipping 70,000 cars a year overseas. Things have only improved for Hyundai since then. By 2008, Hyundai was making 500,000 cars a year in India and exporting more than a third of them. Its smallest cars, the i10, are now produced only in India and are shipped mainly to Europe. In 2005, Hyundai decided to invest around a billion dollars in a second Chennai plant. The plant, which opened in 2010, boosted its Indian out to 650,000 vehicles. Some 250,000 were exported in2010, making Hyundai the largest exporter of manufactured goods in India. In addition to Europe, Hyundai is now considering selling its Indian- made cars in the United States. Hyundai’s success has not gone unnoticed. Among other automakers, Suzuki and Nissan have also been in-vesting aggressively in Indian factories. Suzuki exported about 50,000 cars from India in 2007 and increased that to around 200,000 in 2010. Nissan also has big plans for India. It has invested some $ 1.1 billion in a new factory close to Hyundai’s in Chennai. Completed in 2010, the factory has the capacity to make some 400,000 cars a year, about half of which will be exported. Ford, BMW, GM, and Toyota are also building, or planning to build, cars in India. A notable local competitor, Tata Motors, launched a low- cost “ people’s car,” priced at $ 2,500, for the Indian market in 2009. For all these companies, India has several attractions. For one thing, the rapidly developing country has a potentially large domestic market. Also, labor costs are low com-pared with many other nations. Nissan, for example, notes that wage rates in India will be one- tenth of those in its Japanese factories. As Hyundai has shown, productivity is high and Indian workers can produce quality automobiles. Hyundai’s executives claim that its Indian cars are of com-parable quality to those produced in Korea. Nissan’s goal is to use the same highly efficient flexible manufacturing pro-cessesin India as it uses in Japan. Nissan plans to send Indian workers to its Japanese factories for training on manufacturing processes and quality control.

India produces a large number of engineers every year, providing the professional skill base for designing cars and managing complex manufacturing facilities. Nissan intends to draw on this talent to design a low- cost small car to compete with Tata’s “ people’s car.” Accord-ing to Nissan executives, the great advantage of India’s engineers is that they are less likely to have the preconceptions of automobile engineers in developed nations, are more likely to “ think outside of the box,” and thus may be better equipped to handle the challenges of de-signing an ultra- low- cost small car. Establishing manufacturing facilities in India does have problems, however. Nissan executives note that ba-sic infrastructure is still lacking— roads are poor and of-ten clogged with everything from taxis and motorbikes to bullocks and carts— making the Japanese practice of just- in- time delivery hard to implement. It is also proving challenging to find local parts suppliers that can attain the same high- quality standards as those Nissan is used to elsewhere in the world. Nissan’s strategy has been to work with promising local companies, helping them raise their standards. For example, under the guidance of teams of engineers from Nissan, the Indian parts supplier Capro, which makes body panels, has built a new factory, using the latest Japanese equipment, near Nissan’s Chennai facility. Workers there have also be entrained in the Japanese practice of kaizen, or continuous process improvement. Observers see the potential for Chennai to develop into a major auto manufacturing hub, with a cluster of automobile companies and parts suppliers working in the region producing high- quality, low- cost small cars that will not only sell well in the rapidly expanding Indian market but could also sell well worldwide. Case

What are the attractions of India as a base for producing automobiles both for domestic sale and for export to other nations?