01. Question One 1. Design a single block cipher Round that performs simple permutation, substitution, and subkey mixing. The Round has only a single permutation and a single block substitution box. The plaintext and the ciphertext must be 16 bits in size. A 16 bits input subkey must be mixed within the round using a round function F. Accordingly, present your design and solution of the following requirements and justify your selection in terms of adequacy of purpose: a A stage of permutation. c. b. A single block substitution box (S-Box). Trace the output for an input of IN = (1412) hex. A Round Function using a modular arithmetic operation with an adequately matching modulus value. Trace the output of the Round Function an input IN and a subkey SK, where IN = (1B10) hex and SK = (2C1E) hex. d. If the designed single round is replicated to create a block cipher, propose a Key size. Justify your choice. e. Suggest three scenarios for making the designed components in parts (a), (b), and (c) more secure f. Extend the single block cipher round of Part (1) to guarantee adequate diffusion and confusion g. Apply avalanche test on your created single round in Part (1). Use the ASCII equivalent of your full name as the plaintext message. Alter only one bit at random from the input message and show its avalanche effect at the round output. Show your steps. h. Implement your block cipher of Part (f) under Python and apply avalanche tests for changes in 1, 2 and 3 different bits selected at random. Show your traced output versus input. (Submit your Python code with your solution) Suggest a method to convert your designed block cipher into a stream cipher. Draw an approximate block diagram and explain your solution. j Suggest a method to improve your cipher of Part using a TRNG concept. Show your improvement on the block diagram of Part in a different color. Explain your solution. k. Suggest a parallel implementation of the developed block cipher of Part (1)