1) 2% Pd/-Al₂O₃ particle is to be used to abate the methane from a gas-fired power plant. The methane contained ~ 2 ppm of a sulfur compound. What characterization methods for each (a, b, c and d) would be used to determine the various modes of deactivation for each separate case listed below? Also suggest the shape of the conversion/temperature profile you generate in the lab from a sample of deactivated catalyst using methane as a model compound.

a) The data recorded over-night indicated a catalyst saw an excessively high temperature due to a failed heat exchanger upstream.

b) Some sulfur compounds were not removed completely from the methane fuel

c) Upstream piping is experiencing corrosion with solid particles of rust (Fe₂O₃) being carried downstream into the catalyst bed. What deactivation mode is likely occurring? Other than replacing the piping can you suggest what the plant manager could do to minimize deactivation?

d) The catalyst is coated with high boiling organic oil leaking from a compressor upstream. Suggest a method for regenerating the activity? What characterization method would be helpful?