1. a) Briefly describe the methods of segmentation in consumer marketing.

b) Define Target Marketing

c) Briefly explain two (2) target marketing strategies

d) Define Positioning in marketing

e) Briefly explain how marketers go about choosing a differentiation or positioning strategy.

2. a) Distinguish between direct and indirect distribution.

b) In an effort to make products and services available to consumers, marketing channel members undertake several functions. Elaborate on any 2 of the key functions carried out by channel members.

3. Michael Porter argues that many firms can get stuck in the middle if they try to achieve a dual competitive advantage? State the problems firms may encounter when trying to adopt a strategic positioning of BOTH low costs and differentiation.

4. Briefly describe the differences between standardized global marketing and adapted global marketing. Use examples of international companies where appropriate.

5. There are some inherent differences between services and products which ultimately impact and shape the coordination of the marketing plan. Describe briefly the four distinctive service characteristics that greatly affect the design of marketing programs.

6. In terms of pricing, there are two broad pricing strategies available: market-skimming pricing and market penetration pricing. Define the two approaches and identify a single relevant condition necessary for each strategic approach. Be sure however, to specify the types of products which marketers would apply with either pricing approach.