1. A measurement procedure isvalidif it

Select one:

a.measures what you intend it to measure

b.produces measurements that make sense

c.produces measurements that are obvious

d.produces measurements that are stable and consistent

2. One reason for reporting effect size is that a very small treatment effect observed in a sample can be statistically significant, especially if

Select one:

a.the sample size is very large.

b.the sample is not representative of the population

c.the sample size is very small

d.the sample is representative of the population

3. A distribution of statistics taken from different samples is

Select one:

a.The Standard normal distribution

b.A Sampling distribution

c.A Population parameter

d.A Discrete distribution

4. A Type I error means that a researcher has

Select one:

a.falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect.

b.correctly concluded that a treatment has no effect.

c.correctly concluded that a treatment has an effect

d.falsely concluded that a treatment has no effect

5. A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is know as a(n)

Select one:

a.operational variable

b.theoretical variable

c.construct

d.manifest variable

6. A major goal of research is to ______________ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came

Select one:

a.reason

b.deduce

c.specialize

d.generalize

7. Standard errorestimates

Select one:

a.the size of the treatment effect

b.the standard deviation of the sampling distribution

c.the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error

d.variability for the sample data

8. Statistical methods that use sample data to estimate population values are called

Select one:

a.statistics

b.descriptive statistics

c.parameters

d.inferential statistics

9. Determining a person's reaction time (in milliseconds) would involve measurement on a(n) _____ scale of measurement.

Select one:

a.ordinal

b.ratio

c.interval

d.nominal

10. What outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very large and robust effect?

Select one:

a.a Type II error

b.correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

c.a Type I error

d.correctly failing to reject the null hypothesis

11. By convention, alpha levels should be set no larger than

Select one:

a..05

b..50

c..01

d..15

12. For a within-subjects study evaluating the mean difference between pre and post tests, the appropriate hypothesis test is

Select one:

a.matched samplesttest

b.chi-square test for independence

c.a confidence interval

d.independent-measuresttest.

13. A researcher is interested in the television viewing preferences of adolescent boys and selects a group of 25 boys to participate in a research study.The group of 25 boys is a

Select one:

a.population

b.sample

c.parameter

d.statist

14. Small observed t-values are associated with

Select one:

a.lowerstandard error

b.greater Z-scores

c.larger differences between groups

d.higher p-values

15. If a researcher were doing a study to determine whether eating protein improves math scores, measurements of math scores would be the ________ variable

Select one:

a.independent

b.controlled

c.dependent

d.experimental

16. If a distribution of numerical scores contains one or two extremely high values, compared to the rest of the scores, which measure of central tendency would produce the most representative value?

Select one:

a.the median

b.the mean

c.the range

d.the standard deviation

17. If the elements in a sample have characteristics that are noticeably different from the elements in the population, then the sample is said to be

Select one:

a.representative

b.stratified

c.random

d.biased

18. If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in a sample, then the researcher is using _____________ sampling.

Select one:

a.random

b.cluster

c.systematic

d.convenience

19. A researcher interested in language development obtains a sample of 25 three-year-old girls and a sample of 25 three-year-old boys.Each child is given a vocabulary test and the researcher computes the mean score for each sample.The difference between the two sample means is an example of a

Select one:

a.constant

b.variable

c.parameter

d.statistic

20. For a study comparing the proportion of registered Democrats who approve of the president's economic policy with the corresponding proportion for registered Republicans, the appropriate hypothesis test is

Select one:

a.a confidence interval

b.repeated-measuresttest

c.independent-measures test

d.chi-square test for independence

21. The best way to estimate effect size (apriori) is

Select one:

a.Utilize Cohen's conventions (.2, .5, .8).

b.Review results in prior research

c.Determine what size is of practical importance

d.Standardize the observed difference

22. What outcome is likely to occur for a hypothesis test evaluating a treatment that has a very small effect?

Select one:

a.correctly failing to reject the null hypothesis

b.correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

c.Type I error

d.Type II error

23. A Type II error means that a researcher has

Select one:

a.correctly concluded that a treatment has no effect.

b.correctly concluded that a treatment has an effect

c.falsely concluded that a treatment has no effect

d.falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect.

24. In a testable hypothesis

Select one:

a.the variables must be measurable

b.the independent must be manipulated

c.a theory is confirmed

d.a theory is supported

25. Power is

Select one:

a.The probability of a correct decision

b.The probability of an incorrect decision

c.Equal to 1-

d.Determines effect sizes

26. The last step in the research process is

Select one:

a.using statistical techniques to evaluate the results

b.replicating the study

c.actually collecting the data.

d.generating new questions or new hypotheses to restart the research process

27. Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) _______ scale of measurement.

Select one:

a.ratio

b.interval

c.nominal

d.ordinal

28. Which section of a research article is most likely to provide suggestions for additional research?

Select one:

a.method

b.results

c.introduction

d.discussion

29. Which section of a research article is most likely to provide suggestions for the interpretation and applications of research results?

Select one:

a.method

b.results

c.introduction

d.discussion

30. Where is a score of X = 45 located in a distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 12?

Select one:

a.slightly above average

b.far above average

c.slightly below average

d.far below average

31. Outliers should be removed from a data set when

Select one:

a.they are 1.5 times greater than the range

b.there is a good reason to do so

c.they inflate the median

d.they skew the distribution.

32. Last year the college basketball team averaged 72 points per game with a standard deviation of 6.In the first game this season, they scored 85 points.Compared to last year, this score is

Select one:

a.far above average

b.a little above average

c.there is not enough information to compare this score with last year's average

d.above average, but it is impossible to describe how much above average

33. A(n) ________ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions.

Select one:

a.reliable

b.accurate

c.good

d.valid

34. The power of a statistical test is most affected by

Select one:

a.Confidence levels

b.Type I error rates

c.Effect size

d.Type II error rates

35. The best way to estimate effect size (post hoc) is

Select one:

a.Apply Cohen's conventions (.2, .5, .8).

b.Standardize the observed difference

c.Determine what size is of practical importance

d.Compare results to prior research

36. Values such as Cohen's d are used to measure

Select one:

a.the validity of a hypothesis test

b.the risk of committing a type I error

c.the level of significance

d.the size of a treatment effect.

37. Statistical techniques that summarize, organize, and simplify sample data are classified as

Select one:

a.population statistics

b.inferential statistics

c.descriptive statistics

d.population parameters

38. Which of the following is the definition of variance?

Select one:

a.the average squared distance from the mean

b.the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

c.the average distance from the mean

d.the square root of the average distance from the mean

39. A researcher has measured self-esteem for a sample of 40 first-grade children.If the researcher wanted to divide the children into two equal-sized groups consisting of the high self-esteem kids and the low self-esteem kids, which statistical measure would identify the correct score to serve as the boundary between the high and the low self-esteem groups?

Select one:

a.mean

b.mode

c.standard deviation

d.median

40. What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?

Select one:

a.none of the selections

b.whether the measurements are the same or different

c.the direction of the differences

d.the size of the differences

41. What is measured and described by the standard deviation?

Select one:

a.the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

b.the average squared distance from the mean

c.the square root of the range

d.the average distance from the mean

42. In hypothesis testing the p-value associated with the obtained (calculated) statistic is estimated based on

Select one:

a.The square root of the IQR

b.Thestandard errorof the variance

c.The sampling distribution of the statistic

d.The absolute value of the deviation scores

43. If a sample is selected from a population, the sample mean is likely to be different from the population mean.The difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter is called

Select one:

a.inferential error

b.type I error

c.sampling error

d.type II error

44. Dr. Spock conducts an experiment on memory using participants above the age of 65.All people above the age of 65 would make up the

Select one:

a.sample

b.world

c.population

d.subgroup

45. Which of the following lists all raw scores as well as the shape of the distribution?

Select one:

a.frequency distribution

b.inferential statistics

c.histogram with normal curve

d.stem and leaf plot