1)

A one-samplettest uses raw scores to compare an average to a specific value. A related-samplesttest uses two raw scores from each person to calculate difference scores and test for an average difference score that is equal to zero. The calculations, steps, and interpretation are exactly the same for each.

3)

Difference scores indicate change or discrepancy relative to a single person or pair of people. We calculate them to eliminate individual differences in our study of change or agreement.

5)

Step 1:H₀:= 0 "The average change in trust of algorithms is 0,"H_A: 0 "People's opinions of how much they trust algorithms changes."

Step 2:Two-tailed test,df= 34,t* = 2.032

Step 3:= 12.10,= 2.94,t= 4.12

Step 4:t>t*, RejectH₀. Based on opinions from 35 people, we can conclude that people trust algorithms more (= 12.10) after learning statistics,t(34) = 4.12,p< .05,d= 0.70, and the effect was moderate to large.

7)

Time 1	Time 2	XD
61	83	22
75	89	14
91	98	7
83	92	9
74	80	6
82	88	6
98	98	0
82	77	5
69	88	19
76	79	3
91	91	0
70	80	10

9)

At the 90% confidence level,t* = 1.812 and CI = (0.43, 2.07) so we rejectH₀. At the 95% confidence level,t* = 2.228 and CI = (0.25, 2.25) so we rejectH₀. At the 99% confidence level,t* = 3.169 and CI = (0.18, 2.68) so we fail to rejectH₀. As the confidence level goes up, our interval gets wider (which is why we have higher confidence), and eventually we do not reject the null hypothesis because the interval is so wide that it contains 0.