1: According to the empirical literature, what is the approximate value of the lowest estimate of the which of the following factors appears to play the most important role in generating the male-male-female wage gap after having controlled for factors that might explain it?

A: About 20 % lower for females

B: About 10 % lower for females

C: About 40 % lower for females

D: About 33 % lower for females

E: No major differential

2: All of the following are associated with various theories of discrimination with the exception of:

A: demand based

B: Choices of working patterns that workers make that might influence their productivity

C: supply based

D: non-competitive labour markets

E: Human capital theory

3: Within the framework of the Oaxaca decomposition, the basic approach to analyzing whether there exists wage discrimination against women is to:

A: compare the actual mean wage of women to the actual mean wage of men

B: compare the actual wage of women to the predicted wage that they would earn given female attributes and coefficients from the male equation.

C: compare the actual wage of women to the predicted wage that they would earn given male attributes and coefficients from the male equation.

D: compare the actual wage of women to the predicted wage that they would earn given female attributes and coefficients from the female equation.

E: search for anecdotal cases of low-paid women that appear to be affected by discrimination