1. (a)(i) What problem has been brought about by uncontrolled mining of minerals in Kenya?

(ii) Where is fluorspar mined in Kenya?

(iii) Describe how trona is mined and processed in Magadi

(b) (i) List two ways in which mining leads to loss of biodiversity

(ii) List two ways in which mining leads to pollution

2. (a) (i) Name three methods of mining.

(ii) State five factors that influence the exploration of minerals.

(iii) State three ways in which mining derelicts can be reclaimed.

3. (a) State two ways in which gold in South Africa occurs. (2mks)

(b) Give three ways in which abandoned mined sites could be rehabilitated.

4. (a) Name two countries in Africa where oil is mined

(b) State two by-products of crude oil

5. (a) (i) Define the term 'mining method'

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence mining:-

- Technology

- Quality of the ore

c) Open-cast method of mining.

d) Benefits of trona to Kenya.

e) Problems facing the mining industry in Kenya.

7. (a) Give three main methods of mining

(b) The following data shows the value of minerals exported from Tanzania between the

years 2000-20003. Use it to answer the following questions:

Value of mineral exports in millions of Tshs.

2000 2001 20002 2003

Gold 680 700 500 400

Diamonds 1000 800 700 900

Mica 400 100 400 100

(i) Calculate the percentage decline in the value of diamond exports between 2000 and 20001.

(c)Explain any four ways in which trona mining contributes to the growth of the economy

in Kenya

8. (a) (i) State three methods used in mining

(ii) Name the mineral found in the following areas;-

- Magadi

- Mwandui

- Kasese

(b) Describe the following factors influence mining of minerals

(i) Technology

(ii) Quality of ore

(iii) Accessibility

(c) Explain four problems facing the mining of Gold in South Africa

(d) (i) List two leading to oil producing countries in the middle East

(ii) State three uses of petroleum

(e). State three problems of land dereliction

10. (a) Differentiate between veins and lodes

(b) State three effects of land dereliction

11. (a) (i) Give three methods of mining.

(ii) Name two places where gold is mined in Tanzania.

(b) Explain four factors which influence the exploitation of minerals.

(c)State four negative effects of mining on the environment.

(d) (i) Describe how solutionmining is carried out.

(ii) State three ways n which mining contributes to the economy of Kenya.

12. (a)(i) Name three methods of mining

(ii) Explain three ways in which soda ash contributes to the economy of Kenya

(iii) Identify four problems facing gold mining in South Africa

(b) (i) State three conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum

(ii) Give two by-products obtained when crude oil is refined

(c) What three benefits would Kenya get if the current prospecting for oil yields good results

(d) (i) Name two minerals mined in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

(ii) Name two ports through which minerals from East Africa are exported through