1 Anne has two ordinal-level variables in a data set. Which of the following should she use to calculate a correlation between these two variables? Question 1 options: Pearson r Kappa' Tau Spearman Rho Alpha Coefficient Question 2 In a simple linear regression equation (Y = a + bX), X represents: Question 2 options: a distribution of scores in the sample. a constant calculated from the scores. an individual's score on the independent variable. an individual's predicted score on the dependent variable. Question 3 Generally, when more variables are added to a prediction equation Question 3 options: more variance in the predictor variables are accounted for. less variance in the criterion variable is accounted for. more variance in the criterion variable is accounted for. less variance in the predictor variable is accounted for. Question 4 The estimate of variance in the dependent variable that is explained by variance in the independent variable is referred to as the: Question 4 options: standard error of regression. coefficient of regression. standard error of determination. coefficient of determination. Question 5 Which value of r indicates that an increase in X will be associated with the largest increase in Y? Remember: X is the independent variable, Y is the dependent variable. Question 5 options: r=.30 r=.15 r=.45 r=.60 Question 6 Which of the following represents the strongest correlation? Question 6 options: .35 0.0 -.85 .65 Question 7 Given a correlation of r = .60, the amount of the dependent variable that seems determined by the independent variable is: Question 7 options: 90%. 60%. 36%. 16%. Question 8 A Pearson r correlation is best used for data that is Question 8 options: both interval and ratio. both ordinal and interval level. only ordinal level. only interval level. Question 9 Gretchen wants to see if the GPA of teachers who recently graduated from university was related to their starting salaries at their first teaching position. She manages to find a small sample of new teachers to get data from. Which correlation coefficient should she tell SPSS to calculate? Question 9 options: eta Pearson r Kendall's tau Spearman's rho Question 10 A correlation between reading and math scores on a national standardized test for first graders indicates a correlation of r = .90. How much variance do these scores share? Question 10 options: 30% 90% 81% 45% Question 11 Kenji reported a correlation of -.85 between hours spent in community service and adolescent drug use. This finding suggests that Question 11 options: Kenji has calculated the correlation incorrectly because he has a negative number. the more community service someone performs the less likely they are to use drugs. the more community service someone performs the more likely they are to use drugs. there is no relationship between community service and adolescent drug use. Question 12 Monica reported a correlation of 3.4 between community service and interest in future professions which help adolescents. This finding suggests that Question 12 options: there is no relationship between community service and interest in professions working with adolescents. the more community service someone performs the more likely they are to have interest in a profession working with adolescents. the more community service someone performs the less likely they are to have interest in professions working with adolescents. Monica has calculated the correlation incorrectly because 3.4 is not a possible correlation coefficient. Question 13 Correlational studies are used primarily to Question 13 options: determine if experimental treatments work. examine relationships among variables. determine causal (cause/effect) relationships. examine if differences between groups exist. Question 14 Yeung reported a correlation of r=.70 between hours of exercise and self-reported stress-level in graduate students. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding this finding? Question 14 options: Her finding represents a weak effect. As hours of exercise increased, stress generally increased. The two variables were unrelated in her study. Her results represent significant differences. Question 15 Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the dependent variable? Question 15 options: School type Student achievement School location Participation rate Question 16 Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the independent variable? Question 16 options: School location School type Student achievement Participation rate Question 17 Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala assigns schools in her district to two types, awarding or non-awarding schools and compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is a possible extraneous variable she might want to consider? Question 17 options: School type School location Student achievement Participation rate