#1: Carlos and Theresa each conducted two separate but similar studies. They each had similar experimental design, similar sample sizes, similar effect sizes and the same alpha cutoff (0.05) for statistical significance. However, Theresa got a p-value of 0.01 for NHST whereas Carlos got a p-value of 0.055, which made Carlos' study not statistically significant. The two classmates were perplexed by these results. What would be your diagnosis for why Carlos' result may not be statistically significant? Select all that apply.

a. Theresa is hiding something

b. The power of this study was low

c. One of their results could be a false positive or a false negative

d. Carlos did not perform the statistical analysis carefully

#2: Suppose the social cost of a false negative was very high in this case. Carlos, as an ethical and moral pre-med, is worried that his test could have missed detecting a true effect. What are some of the things he could do?

a. He could increase the alpha cutoff for statistical significance

b. He could ask Theresa to conduct the statistical analysis

c. He could compute the power estimates to support the idea that his result could be a false negative

d. He could reduce the alpha cutoff for statistical significance

#3: An alpha cutoff of 0.2 is unheard of. In which of the following circumstances would you accept such a high alpha due to high social cost of a false negative (despite the increase in likelihood of false positives due to high alpha)?

a. Diagnosis of engine failure

b. Hiring a fraudulent real estateagent

c. Convicting a person accused of shoplifting

d. Diagnosis of colon cancer

e. Detecting saltiness in seafood