1. Design and estimate the Carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) and BER with clear sky conditions for the following Downlinks from MEASAT 3A and 5: a. C-hand (4 GHz)-MEASAT3A b. Ku-band (12 GHz)-MEASAT3A c. Ka-band (20 GHz)-MEASAT 5 2. Design and estimate Carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) and BER during rains for C Ku- and Ka-bands downlinks by considering the Rain Fade for earth-to-satellite microwave down links at Horizontal Polarization for 0.3%, 0.1%, 0.01% of outages and reliabilities objectives: a) 99.7% 99.9% c) 99.99% b) 3. Summarize the results in a Table and discuss as well as suggest for Malaysian Satellite Operators for reliability reference and mitigation techniques for future satellite services. Assume the earth station at Satellite Lab in IIUM campus (3.3 N, 101.7 E) and MEASAT3A and MEASATS as satellites for Malaysian students. International students can assume any satellite using by your country and any location in your country as Earth station. Assume the followings Measat 3A: 91.5E (Elevation Angle-77 degrees) Measat 5: 119.5E (Elevation Angle-69 degrees) EIRP-41 dBW (C-band), 56 dBW (Ku-band) and 63 dBW (Ka-band) Earth stations antenna gain-35 dB Air Clear-System Noise Temperature of Receiver 75 K (C-band), 145 K (Ku-hand) and 190 K (Ka-band) Atmospheric Absorption Losses-0.2 dB (C-band), 0.4 dB (Ku-band) and 0.6 dB (Ka- band) 30 MHz noise band width and QPSK modulation for transmission. Rain Attenuations at C, Ku, Ka Bands for LP-H polarizations (Worst Scenario) predicted using ITU-R methods are as follows: Availability Attenuation in dB C-Band 99.7 99.9 99.99 1 dB 2 dB 4 dB Attemaation in dB Attenuation in dB Ku-Band Ka-Band 13 dB 22 dB 4 dB 7 dB 14 dB