1 Distributed Systems 1.1 Access transparency: _(letter corresponding to the correct answer) a. enables multiple instances of resources to be used to increase reliability and performance without knowledge of the replicas by users or application programmers. b. allows the movement of resources and clients within a system without affecting the operation of users or programs. c. enables resources to be accessed without knowledge of their physical or network location. d. enables local and remote resources to be accessed using identical operations. 1.2 The retransmission of a message is used as one of the following Failure handling techniques. Which one? _(letter corresponding to the correct answer) a. Tolerating failures b. Masking failures c. Detecting failures d. Prevent failures 1.3 Openness is one of the main challenges in distributed systems. Openness: _(letter corresponding to the correct answer) a. allows a system to remain effective when there is a significant increase in the number of resources and the number of users. b. allows a system to be perceived as a whole rather than as a collection of independent components. c. determines that the specification and documentation of the uniform communication mechanism and interfaces for access to shared resources must be available to software developers. d. determines the technological variety in a distributed system. 1.4 Concurrency is not about: _(letter corresponding to the correct answer) a. many Clients, many Threads, many Accesses. b. taking one client request at a time. c. allowing multiple client requests to be processed at the same time. d. synchronizing operations in such a way that data remains consistent. 1.5 Failure handling is one of the challenges associated with designing Distributed Systems. In this context, please list and explain three techniques for dealing with failures