1. [____] (e.g., "Smurf Attack") are types of DDoS attacks that use a large number of packets with spoofed source IP addresses.

2. [____] is an encryption technique that cannot be cracked if used correctly

3. All passwords can be, and will be cracked --given enough [____].

4. A [____] is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes a password or passphrase. It is used to defend against dictionary attacks versus a list of password hashes and against pre-computed rainbow table attacks.

5. On a typical Linux machine, [____] contains user information necessary for login while [____] contains users' passwords encrypted.

6. [____] is an algorithm used to establish a shared secret between two parties. It is primarily used as a method of exchanging cryptography keys for use in symmetric encryption algorithms like AES.

7. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework with [_____] layers that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunication system.

8. What port does `ping` work over? [_____]