1. If the Bangladesh economy is grappling with higher-than-desired inflation alongside relatively elevated output and low unemployment, what monetary policy measures could the Bangladesh Bank (BB) adopt to alleviate inflationary pressures? 2. Employing the aggregate demand and aggregate supply framework, elucidate the impact on inflation and output when the BB implements a contractionary monetary policy. 3. In the event of the BB successfully mitigating inflation, what is the anticipated effect on the unemployment rate in Bangladesh? 4. Considering the scenario where banks currently hold excess reserves, will all of the BB's tools exhibit equal effectiveness? Evaluate how each of the three policy tools employed by the BB influences the money supply under conditions of excess reserves. 5. Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, Bangladesh encountered a noteworthy period of "stagflation," characterized by high levels of both inflation and unemployment. Expound on why monetary policy might prove ineffective in addressing the dual challenges of elevated unemployment and inflation concurrently, using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply framework