1. In this journal, summarize the ethical issues related to police use of deception in interrogations. Identify the legal limits on the use of deception in police interrogations, and offer your perspective on the courts' general leniency toward police deception that is "strategic" rather than "coercive." Discuss whether you agree or disagree with this leniency and identify the ethical principles that inform your perspective.

9:46 { Back CRIM 306 Chapter 7 Slides.pptx @ Switch To Dark Mode Chapter 7: Ethics and the Tactics of Policing A vital function of the police is to enforce the law + To do this, the police use different tactics, some of which involve deception, while others involve active or passive surveillance. + In this chapter, case studies are used to illustrate police using deception to obtain a confession from someone charged with a crime, and police using surveillance to detect law breaking. + Police tactics like deception and surveillance raise significant ethical issues, which are I S e, Case Study of Police Deception * On December 1, 2008, on Worcester, MA, police had 16-year-old Nga Truong in an interrogation room. Her 13-month-old son, Khyle, had died the day before. The detective is convinced Troung killed her son, but Truong continually denies it. + After two hours of questioning, during which interrogators claimed they knew the truth about what happened; used the death of Truong's brother of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) years earlier as evidence she'd killed a baby before; and claimed the results of Khyle's autopsy showed the child had been smothered (in fact, there was no such evidence), detectives walked away with her confession, leading her to be charged with murder as an adult (Gavett, 2011). Case Study of Police Surveillance By analyzing data from all traffic stops in Raleigh, NC, between January 2009 and December 2014 obtained via a public records request, Stanford University statisticians uncovered evidence of discrimination in police stops and searches of Black and Hispanic drivers. Specifically, they found that police were more likely to stop drivers they perceived to be Black or Hispanic, regardless of wrongdoing These findings emerged after controlling for a variety of factors based on results obtained from three different advanced-level statistical analyses (Simoiu, Corbett-Davies &, Goel, 2017). & E N o Calendar To Do Notifications Inbox 9:47 { Back CRIM 306 Chapter 7 Slides.pptx @ Switch To Dark Mode Overview of Chapter 7 The chapter is divided into several sections, beginning with a review of the tactics of modern police work and a typology developed by American sociologist Gary Marx. In this typology, Marx argues that police work fits into two dimensions, defined by (1) the nature of the workdeceptive or nondeceptive; and (2) the nature of the operation overt or covert. Marx's typology organizes the discussion around combinations of these dimensions: deception by police during investigation, interrogation, and in court; and police surveillance. The chapter also examines the teaching and learning of police ethics, and concludes with a Thought Exercise on the ethical issues associated with the emerging tactic of ficti Hicie: Modern Police Work + Recall the noble cause of policing involves a commitment by officers to \"getting bad people off the streets\" (Caldero & Crank, 2015). To achieve this goal, the police use various tactics, including deception and surveillance. + These tactics have raised questions over not only their legality and effectiveness, but also whether they are ethical. - Before getting into specific examples of these tactics, let's first consider some dimensions of police work and where certain tactics they use will fit. Typology of Police Work Police use various tactics as part of their law enforcement function. + One way to examine these tactics is to identify commonalities found across them. This can be done by developing a typology of police work that groups together disparate things or activities based on shared characteristics. Gary Marx (1988) developed a typology of police work that classified officers' work along two dimensions: (1) whether the nature of the work is deceptive or nondeceptive; and (2) whether the nature of the operation at hand is overt or covert. This results in four & (= A o Calendar To Do Notifications Inbox 9:47 { Back CRIM 306 Chapter 7 Slides.pptx @ Switch To Dark Mode Figure 7.1 Examples of police work + An example of police work (cell \"a\") that is nondeceptive and overt is traditional, uniformed patrol, where officers randomly appear at a specific location within a geographic area and respond to calls. + An example of work that is both deceptive and overt (cell \"b\") is a police interrogator telling an arrestee who denies involvement in the crime at hand that \"there is overwhelming evidence against her (which is not true), and that she \"should just confess.\" + An example of nondeceptive and covert work (cell \"c\") is police installing at a busy intersection a high-speed camera capable of photographing the license tags of vehicles running red lights. An example of police work that is both deceptive and covert (cell *d\") is an undercover operation targeting a drug dealer, during which officers pose as drug users and purchase the illegal substance from the dealer. Use of deception by police Police deception refers to \"[the] intention to trick others by communicating messages meant to mislead and to make the recipients believe what the agent either knows or believes . . . is true\" (Alpert & Noble, 2009, p. 238). + Police officers learn early in their careers that deception and lying are \"part of the job,\" along with justifications for doing so (see Barker, Friery, & Carter, 1994). + Police also learn that deception worksit results in arrests, supports prosecutors as they pursue convictions, and convinces juries to convict defendants. S ipoite it I : ithi the criminal justice system explicitly condones the use of deception. Use of deception during investigations + Because many types of crimes occur out of direct view of the police, officers use undercover operations to identify persons involved with these crimes. These operations can vary in size, scope, length of time, and complexity, with a \"'sting operation\" as one well-known example * Newman (2007) identified four common features of stings; they = (1) create an opportunityor exploit an enticementfor someone to commit a crime; = (2) target individuals and groups engaged in specific types of crime; * (3) use an undercover or hidden police officer, a surrogate, or some other deception; and & (= A o Calendar To Do Notifications 9:48