1. In what ways are Cesare Beccaria's ideas emodied in modern penal codes and sentencing schemes? 2. What findings has deterrence research made regarding the certainty and severity of punishment? 3. What is the difference between specific and general deterrence? What sorts of crimes are more likely to be deterred by each of these? 4. How do routine activities theorists explain the rises and declines of national crime rates? 5. Why is advertising an important feature of deterrence