1. Kitsuse links the concept of deviance-as-stiglnatization with the broader concern of social problems construction. Thus, labeling simultaneously occurs in personal AND socio-cultural contexts. Similarly, In his concept of stigma Goffman allows for labeling of persons and categoriesfconditions. Kitsuse (p. 445} summarizes this often overlooked duality of interactionist labeling: "A person who has lived in shame and embarrassment with a disguring facial scar, a woman who has silently suffered demeaning treatment at the hands of overbearing male colleagues, of a black who has been socially and psychologically imprisoned by racial stereotypes may struggle with the issues surrounding the process of coming out no less than those who bear the less visible "blemishes of individual character" (Goffman) such as mental disorder, drug addiction, unemployment, or illegitimate birth." Choose one of the following social statuses and explain how those occupying it must cope with negative stigma: race, gender, or age. Stigmatization often goes handinhand with labels of deviance. This can be due to fear, lack of information or even the result of stereotyping but the end result is the same: separating a specific group or individual from those who would be considered 'normal'. In fact, the level of deviance attributed to a certain action such as piercing one's ears vs. the eyebrow is Lsually a direct result of stigma held against those behaviors in other contexts for example pierced eyebrows being associated with delinquent youth. What results is a cycle of devaluation, shunning, and outright hostility against those society deems unwanted or undeserving. Subcultures are often prime