$1$ Lack of data standards

Poor data quality

$3$

Inconsistent data definitions

Ineffective direct data access

Inadequate data usefulness

Match each of the options above to the items below.

Every department had its own method for recording data so when trying to share information, data did not match and users did not get the data they really needed.

Most data stored in operational databases did not allow users direct access; users had to wait to have their queries or questions answered by MIS professionals who could code SQL$.$

Managers needed to perform cross$-$functional analysis using data from all departments, which differed in granularities, formats, and levels.

Users could not get the data they needed; what was collected was not always useful for intended purposes.

The data, if available, were often incorrect or incomplete. Therefore, users could not rely on the data to make decisions.