1. Luis is studying the association between smoking and cardiac arrest. He knows that an unhealthy lifestyle predicts smoking and weight. He knows that weight predicts cholesterol and cholesterol predicts cardiac arrest. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 2. Shay is studying the association between influenza and chicken pox. She knows that a weakened immune system leads to both influenza and chicken pox. She also knows that influenza leads to fever and that chicken pox leads to fever. Finally, she knows fever leads to cold sweats. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 3. Luicel is studying the association between smoking during pregnancy and malformations in babies. Luicel knows that age predicts whether or not someone smokes. She knows that malformations are more common among women who are older during pregnancy. She also knows that malformations in babies lead to a lower life expectancy. Finally, she knows that culture predicts whether or not people choose to smoke. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 4. Milka is trying to identify the causal relationship between A and B. She knows that A causes C and that C causes D. She knows that E causes C and D. She knows that A also causes F and F causes G. G causes B. B causes H and H causes I. A causes I. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 5. Josh knows that the lawn is really wet if the sprinklers went off or it rained. Those are the only two options. If he comes outside and knows that it did not rain and the lawn is really went, then he knows it was the sprinklers. Please draw a DAG that shows the relationship between these three variables where the lawn being wet is the outcome and the sprinklers are the exposure. 1. Luis is studying the association between smoking and cardiac arrest. He knows that an unhealthy lifestyle predicts smoking and weight. He knows that weight predicts cholesterol and cholesterol predicts cardiac arrest. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 2. Shay is studying the association between influenza and chicken pox. She knows that a weakened immune system leads to both influenza and chicken pox. She also knows that influenza leads to fever and that chicken pox leads to fever. Finally, she knows fever leads to cold sweats. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 3. Luicel is studying the association between smoking during pregnancy and malformations in babies. Luicel knows that age predicts whether or not someone smokes. She knows that malformations are more common among women who are older during pregnancy. She also knows that malformations in babies lead to a lower life expectancy. Finally, she knows that culture predicts whether or not people choose to smoke. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 4. Milka is trying to identify the causal relationship between A and B. She knows that A causes C and that C causes D. She knows that E causes C and D. She knows that A also causes F and F causes G. G causes B. B causes H and H causes I. A causes I. Please draw a DAG and label all confounders and/or mediators. 5. Josh knows that the lawn is really wet if the sprinklers went off or it rained. Those are the only two options. If he comes outside and knows that it did not rain and the lawn is really went, then he knows it was the sprinklers. Please draw a DAG that shows the relationship between these three variables where the lawn being wet is the outcome and the sprinklers are the exposure