1. Name and briefly describe the 4 Characteristics of Consciousness? 2. Levels of Consciousness a. Name and briefly describe Freud's 3 Levels of Consciousness. Give examples. i. Modern psychodynamicists suggest that motivation/emotion act at what level? b. Name and briefly describe the Levels of Consciousness from the Cognitive viewpoint. Give examples of each. i. In what way(s) is automatic processing beneficial? ii. In very basic terms, how did Freud view the interaction between conscious and unconscious? How does the cognitive viewpoint differ?

3. Circadian Rhythms a. What are circadian rhythms? i. Do night owls have different rhythms from early birds? b. Causes of circadian rhythms i. Describe the relationship between daylight, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), melatonin, and feeling sleepy/awake (**a chart would work well**) ii. What is a free-running circadian rhythm? Is it shorter or longer than 24 hours?

4. Sleep a. What are the different stages of sleep? i. What "brain waves" characterize each level? ii. Which level of sleep is the lightest? the deepest? iii. Which stage(s) of sleep is/are referred to as "Slow-Wave Sleep"? iv. Other than differences in brain waves, what else characterizes REM sleep? v. When we cycle between the stages of sleep, how many cycles occur in a given night, and how long for a total cycle? How do the proportions of time spent in slow-wave sleep and REM sleep change over the course of the night? vi. There are differences in the amount of sleep, and the proportion of sleep spent in different stages across people of different ages. How does the proportion of REM sleep change as we age? How does the proportion of slow-wave sleep change as we age? How does the amount of total sleep change? vii. Which brain areas are particularly important to our sleep cycles? b. Sleep Deprivation i. Briefly describe the idea of Sleep Debt ii. One study discussed in class looked at three different types of sleep deprivation, and examined cognitive performance, physical performance, and mood. Briefly describe the results of this study

iii. Pilcher and Walters had students "pull an all-nighter". What were the effects? iv. What is Sleep Deprivation Psychosis? v. What is the main idea of the Restoration Model of why we sleep? c. Sleep Disorders i. What types of difficulties all fall under the umbrella term of "insomnia"? 1. What is the basic idea of stimulus control to treat insomnia? ii. What are the symptoms of narcolepsy? Define cataplexy. iii. Describe the symptoms of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. iv. During which stage(s) of sleep is sleepwalking most common? What is the most common "treatment" for sleepwalking?

d. Dreaming i. What are the differences between nightmares and night terrors? ii. When do we dream the most? (i.e. stage of sleep; early vs late in night...) iii. Briefly describe the basic idea behind each of the three major theories of dreaming (Wish Fulfillment, Problem-Solving, and Activation-Synthesis) 1. What is "latent content"? Example? iv. Briefly outline some of the findings that suggest that REM sleep is involved in learning. 5. Hypnosis & Meditation a. What are the 3 characteristics that influence how susceptible to hypnosis a person is? b. Can you really make someone behave against their will using hypnosis? Explain c. Can hypnosis affect physiological functioning (e.g. allergies, pain tolerance)? Explain d. Do we remember more when we are under hypnosis? Explain. e. Briefly describe the basic idea behind the two main theories of hypnosis (i.e. Dissociation Theories, and Social Cognitive Theories)

6. Drugs a. What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? b. Briefly describe drug tolerance. Try to use the terms "homeostasis" and "compensatory response". How do these terms also relate to withdrawal symptoms? c. Briefly explain why overdoses often occur in "new" environments, where the individual has not taken drugs before. d. What are the basic effects of Stimulants, Depressants, Opiates, and Hallucinogens? i. What neurotransmitters are affected by Alcohol? Increased or decreased? ii. What about Amphetamines? e. What is "alcohol myopia"?

f. What is the supposed "beer goggles" effect? Has research confirmed or denied the idea that alcohol is involved? If denied, what actually causes the effect? g. What is "amphetamine psychosis"? What neurotransmitter is involved? Why is there such a big "crash" after heavy use of amphetamines? h. What are three misconceptions about marijuana?