1.

proc main

int w, x, z;

proc A:

proc B;

int x, z;

{ x := 2; call C; print x; } (end B)

proc C;

int w, a, z;

{ w := 4; x := 4; z := 7; call D; print w, x; } (end C)

{ x := 3; z := 5; call B; print x; } (end A)

proc D;

int x, b;

proc E;

int x;

{ x := 13; call F; print x; } (end E)

proc F;

proc G;

{ print z; x:= 7; } (end G)

{ print x; call G; x:=8; } (end F)

{ x := 6; w := 19; call E; print x; } (end D)

{ w:= 12; x:= 1; z := 9; call A; print w, x, z; } (end main)

(a) What is the program output assuming static scoping rules are employed?

(b) What is the corresponding output when dynamic scoping rules are employed?

(c) List the procedures that proc G can call (assuming static scoping).

(d) Specify the referencing environment (variables) of proc E (assuming static scoping)

(e) Specify the referencing environment (variables) of proc E (assuming dynamic scoping)