1) Show the output of the following program segment (written in C-like syntax) for each of the following parameter-passing mechanism:

a) pass by value-result

b) pass by value, and

c) pass by reference

int x;

void f(int b) {

print(b);

b = 3;

print(a+b);

}

main() {

a = 8;

f(a);

print(a);

}

2) For the program shown below, draw a picture of the run-time environment, at the point marked "HERE", (i.e. at the point when Q is about to return. Show all temporaries, local variables, parameters, locations reserved for return values, and return addresses, as well as the base pointer, frame pointer(s), and the stack pointer. Use the frame organization illustrated in Lecture 12.2.

i: integer;

procedure Q(a,b:integer)

i: integer;

begin

i:=2;

a:= a + b + i; // HERE

end;

procedure P(c:integer)

x:integer;

begin

if c = 7 then P(i)

else Q(3,c);

end;

main()

begin

i:=4;

P(i+3);

end;