1. Starting with diethyl malonate, the generic synthesis of barbituric acid derivatives is shown below. Please explain how Veronal (barbital) is formed, which is the derivative in which both R and R' are ethyl groups. Make sure you have an appropriate base and alkyl halide on hand. You can also suppose that you will neutralise the solution in the end with a source of H+.

2. The derivative phenobarbital, in which the R and R' groups are phenyl and ethyl, cannot be produced in the same way as barbital. Explain why the same strategy cannot be used based on your mechanism from the previous question. HINT: Consider the variables that impact SN2 reactions.

3. How is phenobarbital created? Cite your sources and provide a synthesised strategy.

alkylhalidebase diethyl malonate Veronal (R and R=Et )