1. Suppose you are given an integer > 1. In your own words, briefly explain two (2) cases in which you could EASILY calculate Euler's totient function of that integer.

2. Alice has published her RSA key pair (e, n). In your own words, briefly explain why an adversary would be unable to determine the private key valued.

3. In your own words (do not quote in any way from any source, briefly explain the primary reason why Bob might publish an X.509 certificate.

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