1. The evidence gathered in the case, Carswell v. Heal, reveals the true cause of Mr. Carswell's death. The administration of oral narcotics and of the 75 milligrams of Demerol and 25 milligrams of Phenergan caused Mr. Carswell to suffer respiratory depression that lead to progressive hypoventilation. This depressed his state of consciousness, leading to a cycle of more hypoventilation, narcosis, and ultimately airway obstruction and hypoxemic cardiac arrest.

This information supports which element of the family's claims of negligence.

a. Duty

b. Breach

c. Causation

d. Injury / Damages