$1)$ The favorability of current rules regarding permissible conduct by unions and employers can vary depending on the specific laws and regulations in place, as well as the prevailing political and economic climate in a given region. It's important to note that labor laws can differ significantly from one country to another and even within different states or regions within a country.

In some cases, labor laws may appear to favor one side over the other. For example, in some jurisdictions, there may be stricter regulations on employers to prevent them from engaging in unfair labor practices such as union$-$busting or interfering with workers' right to organize. These regulations might be seen as favoring unions, as they provide protections for workers seeking to unionize.

On the other hand, in certain situations, labor laws may be perceived as favoring employers, particularly if they provide more freedom to resist unionization efforts. For example, in "right$-$to$-$work" states in the United States, workers are not required to pay union dues as a condition of employment, which can make it more challenging for unions to maintain membership and resources.

Explanation:

Whether this favoritism is deliberate in legislative design can vary. Lawmakers may aim to strike a balance between protecting workers' rights to organize and ensuring that employers have the flexibility to manage their workforce effectively. The political climate, lobbying efforts, and historical factors can all influence the shaping of labor laws. In some cases, there may be deliberate efforts to favor one side or the other, while in other cases, laws may evolve in response to changing societal norms and economic conditions.