$1.$ This challenge exercise is intended to give you some practice and experience in recognizing and dealing with scientific fraud. For this exercise, we will focus on the case of Steven E$.$ Bruening. Read the article Holden, C$.(1987).$ NIMH finds a case of $$serious misconduct.$$ Science, $235,1566-1567.$

Read some of the other articles that are provided in the reference section as well, and then answer the following questions.

a$.$ What evidence led to the exposure of Bruening$$s scientific misconduct?

b$.$ What ethical principles were violated by Bruening$$s behavior?

c$.$ What were the consequences to Bruening of his behavior?

d$.$ What are the possible consequences of his misconduct to his colleagues, to the organization in which he worked, to other scientists, and to the general public?