1) What are the three criteria for inferring causality? Discuss whether correlational studies meet the criteria for causality. Be sure to explain the bidirectionally and third-variable problems and how they relate to causality in correlational studies. 2) The following scenarios describe the outcome of a hypothetical correlational study. 1) State whether you believe the correlation is a positive or a negative one. 2) Then, describe at least 2 ways of interpreting the relationship (hint: think about the bidirectionally problem and the third variable problem- that gives you 3 ways of interpreting the relationship) a. There is a correlation between seating location in class and grades - the closer to the front, the higher the grade b. There is a correlation between grades and test anxiety 3) Draw scatterplots that would approximately illustrate the following relationships. Write a single statement that summarizes each relationship (direction and strength). a. A correlation of -.75 between GPA and scores on a test of "soap opera IQ." b. A correlation of -.02 between intelligence and depression 4) Imagine you are in the beginning stages of an observational research study and must arrive at operational definitions for the behaviors you'll be observing. For each of the following hypotheses, operationally define the behaviors to be recorded and briefly describe how you would set up the study (i.e., where you would conduct the study, whether you would create some level of structure, etc.). a. Men interrupt women more than women interrupt men b. Dogs are more aggressive within their own territories than outside of them. 5) Thinking back to our discussion on surveys, decide whether the question below is worded well or poorly. If poorly, explain why (based on the issues we covered in class related to question wording), then rewrite the question in order to solve the problem. If worded well, describe why. a. Have you had an upset stomach lately?