1. What is the physical origin of the quantization of electron orbitals and energies?

2. Draw the energy level diagrams for Chlorine and Silicon.

3. Why bonding forms between atoms in materials?

4. Why metals tend to form in bcc, fcc, and hcp crystal structures? Explain in terms of bonding and structure.

5. Compute the Atomic Packing Factor for the bcc crystal structure (show work).

6. What are the different phases?

7. What are different types of phase changes?

8.Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 1000 K. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.8 eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at 1000 K) for copper are 63.5 g/mol and 8.4 g/cm3, respectively. (Show work)