1. Which of the following represents a sample?

A.

Individuals listed on a cancer registry.

B.

All patients treated for COVID-19 at a specific hospital. C.

All breast cancer patients who have undergone or will undergo radical mastectomy. D.

Men under the age of 20 years.

E.

100 out of 10,000,000 people who were in the city of Hiroshima at the time of the atomic bombings and survived the first year.

2. Which of the following is NOT a random variable that is a health outcome?

A.

The location of Yale New Haven Hospital in April of this year.

B.

Total annual expenditures among patients within a specific health category. C.

Inpatient, outpatient, or prescription medication expenditures within a year. D.

Number of outpatient visits over a defined time interval. E.

Whether a patient is hospitalized or re-admitted after surgery.

3. Which of the following is the independent variable in a study aimed at understanding whether medical expenditures in a given year depend on smoking history?

A.

medical expenditures

B.

smoking history

C.

both medical expenditures and smoking history

D.

Not enough information is available to answer this question

E.

None of the above

4. Health care outcomes are often __________ because of the presence of a few heavy users whose health is extremely poor relative to the rest of the population.

A.

bimodal

B.

symmetric

C.

right-skewed

D.

incomplete

E.

None of the above

5. The distribution of medical expenditures below is ________ with the _____ lower than the _______.

A.

right-skewed, median, mean

B.

right-skewed, mean, median C.

symmetric, median, mean D.

symmetric, mean, median E.

None of the above

6. What is the marginal mean for the MEPS 2017 data below?

Perceived health status	Percentage of sample	Total expenditures
Excellent	40%	$1,957
Very good	23%	$3,729
Good	20%	$6,183
Fair	15%	$11,387
Poor	2%	$22,619

A.

$5,110

B.

$5,037.50

C.

$9,175

D.

$45,875

E.

None of the above

7. When one part of the data follows one distribution and the other part follows another distribution, this results in a ________.

A.

normal distribution

B.

joint distribution

C.

mixed distribution

D.

binomial distribution

E.

marginal distribution

8. The total number of re-admissions after surgery at a specific hospital are independent and follow a binomial distribution. What are the mean and variance for 20 re-admissions where 10% of patients are re-admitted (p = 0.1)?

A.

2; 1.8

B.

2; 0.5

C.

20;1

D.

20;10

E.

None of the above

9. The ____________ distribution is used to model the overdispersed data of outpatient visits among participants who reported a previous diagnosis of a stroke in the MEPS 2017 data shown in the left panel below.

A.

binomial

B.

negative binomial

C.

poisson

D.

normal

E.

conditional

10. In hypothesis testing, you reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is

A.

less than 0.95

B.

0.95

C.

less than 0.05

D.

0.05

E.

None of the above