$1.$ Which of the following would likely result in a reduction of earnings management activity?

a$)$ The existence of an audit committee.

b$)$ A mix of monitoring and expertise skills.

c$)$ A higher proportion of independent directors on the board.

d$)$ All of the above

$2.$ Prior research that attempts to explain the motivations behind the accounting choices made by managers is referred to as:

a$)$ Accounting policy choice research.

b$)$ Capital market research.

c$)$ Critical accounting research.

d$)$ International accounting research.

e$)$ None of the other options