$1.$ Why do modern companies need managers?

Modern companies are complex with many variables at play making the need for managers a necessity. Managers are useful in uncomplicating the complicated by introducing forms of communication, organizing schedules, delegating work, creating well$-$defined roles, and acting as a source of motivation. While there is no perfect management style, one that felt in unison and straight$-$forward to me was systems management. This view of management looks at the overarching picture of what a company is$.$ To use such an approach, it would be important to have great conceptual skills to see the direction the company is going in$.$ Back to the question, systems management expresses the importance of managers for modern companies that have a variety of subsystems, or units that each have an independent task. A system is only as strong as it parts, so the functioning of each of them is important independently and when all put together. When these systems work together, it is called synergy. This idea of synergy creates great efficiency and collectiveness with a company even when there are so many moving parts. In order for a company to be at its best, I believe it needs to act as a system, or a set of parts that act as whole. Management at large gives direction and purpose to employers and employees allowing for a common goal to be worked for and potentially achieved.

$2.$ Why did the discoveries of Whitney and Monge affect operations management?

Operations management is all about being able to predict or forecast the future in an effort to protect the company's efficiency, production, and overall efforts. These predictions are completed through thorough inspections and calculations to check and maintain each important pillar of functioning within the given company. Whitney changed efficiency completely and exponentially quickly with the idea of interchangeable parts. The interchangeable parts not only expedites production and assembly but created standardizations across all sorts of technology including anything from "toasters to space shuttles". Operations management was further revolutionized by Monge who created a method for parts to be made without an in$-$hand prototype to be available by drawing three$-$dimensional objects on paper. These ideas of Descriptive Geometry allowed workers to create the interchangeable parts without needing to see the part in$-$person. Furthermore, these ideas were technologically advanced and seen today as computer$-$aided design $($CAD$)$ and computer$-$aided manufacturing $($CAM$)$ to take designs from a computer directly to place of product production. These ideas while great did raise a novel issue of having too much inventory. Answer to this person $($discussion board$)$ by using complex sentences and terminology