1: Why might some analysts criticize studies measuring wage discrimination which include some variables, such as the occupation, the length of time that women might spend out of the labour force, and womens' choices of field of study?

A: Because these outcomes themselves might be shaped by discriminatory factors.

B: Because they are thought to be irrelevant

C: Because they cannot be measured, and thus there are no data

D: Because they do not affect the worker's productivity levels

E: None of these above

2: In the context of equal value determination, the policy capturing approach refers to

A: Taking the average of the wage of male-dominated jobs and female-dominated jobs and applying it to both types of jobs

B: Applying the wage determination mechanism that applies to male-dominated jobs, and applying them to female-dominated jobs.

C: Taking the wage-determination policies that are contained in collective agreements, and applying those policies to female-dominated jobs.

D: Allowing wages of both female-dominated occupations to be generated by market policies

E: Allowing the wage determination process that applies to female-dominated occupations to be captured by special interests

3: Consider the Oaxaca framework for the decomposition of the wage gap between two groups of workers. The variables that are included as controls that might explain the gap might involve all of the following with the exception of:

A: Ability and motivation on the job

B: Workplace characteristics

C: Education

D: Experience

E: Occupation

4: According to the empirical literature, among full-time, full year workers, the raw female to male earnings ratio (before applying any adjustments for pre-market characteristics) is approximately:

A: 60 %

B: 90 %

C: 50 %

D: 70 %

E: None of these above