10. Grab Holdings Limited (NASDAQ: GRAB), Southeast Asias leading superapp, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2021. 2021 was our strongest year yet, even as we faced tougher conditions with the Delta and Omicron variants. We achieved outsized growth in both GMV and Revenues while continuing to improve our Adjusted EBITDA margins year over year, demonstrating the resilience and growing relevance of the superapp, said Anthony Tan, Group CEO and co-founder of Grab. Southeast Asians are relying more and more on the Grab superapp for a multitude of daily needs. 56% of our users are now using two or more Grab services and the average user spend on our platform in 2021 grew 31% year over year. We expect 2022 to be another watershed year for Grab, as we get ready to launch our digibank in Singapore, and continue to pursue the massive opportunities in deliveries to outserve consumers with more options and better convenience.

(a) Analyze short run and long run cost for Grab Holdings Limited. (10 marks)

(b) Provide three (3) recommendations on ways to reduce long run cost for Grab Holdings Limited. (10 marks)