11 . Most statutes or common law decisions provide for employer defenses for all of the following EXCEPT those rules that (a). are reasonable and rationally related to the employment activities of a particular employee. (b) treat one group differently from another considering lifestyle practices. (c). are necessary to avoid a conflict of interest or the appearance of conflict of interest. (d) constitute a "bona fide occupational requirement" 12. Identify a true statement about the "Hawthorne Effect." (a) It maintains that workers' productivity improves when they are singled out. (b ) . It holds that workers show poor performance when they know that they are being monitored. (c). It holds that managers should not monitor their employees in any situation. (d) It occurs only when the mechanisms used to monitor employees are unethical. 13. Which of the following acts stipulates that employers cannot use "protected health information" in making employment decisions without prior consent? (a) the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( b ) . the Federal Information Security Management Act (c ). the Personal Information and Health Documents Act (d). the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 14. One of the attributes of technology and its usage is that it ... (a). prohibits access to any information that was once easily accessible. (b) ensures that the lines between people's personal lives and professional lives are not blurred. (c). keeps employees within the boundaries of their workplace even in the outside world. (d) reduces the privacy concerns of individuals. 15. If the basis for finding an invasion of privacy is often an employee's legitimate and reasonable expectation of privacy, then a situation where there is no real expectation of privacy occurs when the ... (a). employee has actual notice. (b). work involves handling huge amounts of money. (c). work requires complete transparency from the employee. (d). employee belongs to a minority group