12&13 statistics
-month winter seaso dividual experiences during 5. Describe the data for a correlational research study. a. Identify the dependent variable for this study. Explain how correlational research is different from b. Is the dependent variable discrete or continuous? c. What scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, other research evaluating the relationship between two interval, or ratio) is used to measure the dependent variables. variable? Describe the goal of an experimental research study 11. A research study comparing college alcohol use in the and identify the two elements that are necessary for United States and Canada reports that more Canadian an experiment to achieve its goal. students drink but American students drink more (Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, and Wechsler, Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) found that people 2002). Is this study an example of an experiment? rated cartoons as funnier when holding a pen in their Explain why or why not. teeth (which forced them to smile) than when holding 12. Oxytocin is a naturally occurring brain chemical that is a pen in their lips (which forced them to frown). For nicknamed the "love hormone" because it seems to this study, identify the independent variable and the play a role in the formation of social relationships such dependent variable. as mating pairs and parent-child bonding. A recent study demonstrated that oxytocin appears to increase Downs and Abwender (2002) found neurological people's tendency to trust others (Kosfeld, Heinrichs, deficits in soccer players who are routinely hit on the Zak, Fischbacher, and Fehr, 2005). Using an head with soccer balls compared to swimmers, who investment game, the study demonstrated that people are also athletes but who are not regularly hit in the who inhaled oxytocin were more likely to give their head. Is this an example of an experimental or a money to a trustee compared to people who inhaled an nonexperimental study? inactive placebo. For this experimental study, identify Two researchers are both interested in the relationship the independent variable and the dependent variable. between caffeine consumption and activity level for 13. Explain the difference between a discrete variable and elementary school children. Each obtains a sample of a continuous variable. Give an example of each. n = 20 children. 14. Four scales of measurement were introduced in this a. The first researcher interviews each child to chapter: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. determine the level of caffeine consumption. The a. What additional information is obtained from researcher then records the level of activity for each measurements on an ordinal scale compared to child during a 30-minute session on the playground. measurements on a nominal scale? Is this an experimental or a nonexperimental study? b. What additional information is obtained from Explain your
