1)(3 pts.) Individuals are diploid having two of each type of chromosome or two versions of each trait. Convention for notation is that a letter is used to represent a trait. The uppercase version of the letter represents the dominant or normal allele, the lowercase version of the letter is used to denote the recessive or abnormal version of the allele. Genotype is the alleles present in an organism and phenotype denotes the outward expression (what it looks like).

Given a flower that has a gene for color that can be red or white with red dominant over white. Using the letters R and rto represent the alleles list the possible genotypes and associated phenotypes. Note whether it each genotype is homozygous or heterozygous.

Homozygous or heterozygous?	genotype	phenotype

2)(2 pts) In the chart below you are given the genotypes of a parent and asked to list all possible gametes that could be produced by that individuals. Gametes are haploid reproductive cells that contain one of each type of chromosome. Gametes are formed through the process of meiosis which distributes chromosomes appropriately. Remember that each gamete must get one allele for each trait found in the parent. List all the genetically distinct gametes that could be produced by each of the following cells:

Genotypes	AaBB	AaBbDd
Possible gametes

3) (1 pts.) Review the Power point for notation of sex-linked traits. List all possible genotypes for a sex linked trait with alleles N= normal and n= abnormal

4) (2 pts) Show a Punnett Square for a 5) (2pts) Show a Punnett Square for a cross

cross between two individuals both between individuals with the following

heterozygous for a trait with alleles Rand r. genotypes: AABb x AaBB

5) (6 pts) Plumage color in mallard ducks is determined by a series of 3 alleles: M^R= restricted mallard pattern, M= mallard, m= dusky mallard. The order of dominance is M^R>M>m. What phenotypes are expected from the following crosses? Complete the Punnett square for each cross.

A) M^RM x M^Rm B) Mm x mm

Phenotypes of offspring: Phenotypes of offspring:

6) (3 pts) For each case below, indicate the genotypes of each parent, given that gray seed color (G) is dominant over white (g). Consider possible genotypes and phenotypes to decide the parents genotypes that would produce the given outcome. The first one has been completed for you.

Parents	Offspring
Gray x White Gg gg	48 gray 47 white
Gray x Gray	61 gray 19 white
White x Gray	75 gray 0 white
Gray x Gray	75 gray 0 white

7) (3 pts) If flower color is controlled by a gene where R= red is dominant over r= white, and L= long stem is dominant over l= short stem. Show a Punnett Square for a cross between two plants that are heterozygous for both traits (i.e. genotypes RrLl).

8) (3 pts) The dominant gene Kis necessary for hearing, and the dominant gene Mresults in deafness no matter what other genes are present. What percentage of the offspring produced by the cross kkMmX Kkmmwill be deaf? Complete the Punnett Square.