13. What triggered the emergence of critical race theory?

a) Critical race theory emerged in response to the proliferation of “ethnic malls” in the United States that resulted in an exodus of white people from large urban centres.
b) Critical race theory emerged in response to the issue of “colour-blindness” that emerged in discussions about “race” and inadequate medical services in Great Britain.
c) Critical race theory emerged as American anti-racist lawyers began to question the legal system and its treatment of “black” defendants and inmates.
d) Critical race theory emerged in response to the Canadian criminal justice system, which became aware of the role of “race” and racism in discourses, practices, and the structure of the Canadian legal system.
e) All of the above

14. Which theory centralizes issues concerning identity in so-called “Third World”
countries?
a) Primordial theory
b) Split labour market theory
c) Political economy theory
d) Critical race theory
e) Post-colonialism

15. Who wrote Orientalism (1978) and criticized the western “gaze” that misrepresented
Arabs and Arabian culture as uniform, brutish, and exotic curiosities?
a) Robert Park
b) Peter Li
c) John Porter
d) Edward Said
e) Karl Marx