1. (14pts) A researcher is interested in determining if there is a relationship between handedness and penmanship. To study this question, the researcher submitted writing samples from 100 students to penmanship experts. The samples were rated to be of low, medium, or high penmanship quality. The observed frequencies of these ratings are shown below. Determine if there is a significant relationship exists between handedness and penmanship quality. Test at =0.05.
   1. Enter the data into SPSS (one line per person - 100 lines, with three variables (ID, handedness, quality). Paste the contingency table to check your work.

	Penmanship Quality
Handedness	Low	Medium	High
Left-handed	8	29	6
Right-handed	9	37	11

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Indicate the level of significance and determine the critical value
3. Run a Chi-square test - paste the relevant results, report the test statistic and p-value - then interpret.
4. What can we conclude?

1. (12pts) Two nurses evaluate 50 patients as to whether they are psychotic, borderline, or neither. The results are shown below:

	Nurse 1
Nurse 2	Psychotic	Borderline	Neither	Total
Psychotic	10	4	1	15
Borderline	6	16	2	24
Neither	0	3	8	11
Total	16	23	11	50

1. Enter the data into SPSS (one line per patient - 50 lines, with three variables (ID, rater 1 evaluation, rater 2 evaluation). Output a contingency table to check your work.
2. Run Cohen's Kappa test - paste the relevant results from SPSS, report the test statistic and interpret.
3. Interpret the p-value.
4. What can we conclude?

1. (14pts) Van Nood et al. (2013) studied patients withClostridium difficileinfections, which cause persistent diarrhea. One nominal variable was the treatment: some patients were given the antibiotic vancomycin, and some patients were given a fecal transplant. The other nominal variable was outcome: each patient was either cured or not cured. The question is: Are fecal transplants better than vancomycin treatment? Enter the data into SPSS with Sick = 0, Cured = 1, Fecal = 1, and Vancomycin = 0. Use an ID number to keep track of the rows.

	Cured	Sick
Fecal	13	3
Vancomycin	4	9

1. Calculate the Odds ratio and interpret.
2. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the above odds ratio.
3. Conduct a Fisher's exact test in SPSS. What is the obtained p-value for Fisher's exact test?
4. What can we conclude?