17.30 Hotel Managers' Personalities. Successful hotel managers must have personality characteristics traditionally stereotyped as feminine (such as "compassionate") as well as those traditionally stereotyped as masculine (such as "forceful"). The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a personality test that gives separate ratings for "female and male stereotypes, both on a scale of 1 to 7. Although the BSRI was developed at a time when these stereotypes were more pronounced, it is still widely used to assess personality types. Unfortunately, the ratings are often referred to as femininity and masculinity scores. A sample of 148 male general managers of three-star and four-star hotels had mean BSRI femininity score 7 5.29. The mean score for the general male population is u = 5.19. Do hotel managers, on the average, differ statistically significantly in femininity score from men in general? Assume that the standard deviation of scores in the population of all male hotel managers is the same as the o=0.78 for the adult male population. a. State null and alternative hypotheses in terms of the mean femininity score for male hotel managers. b. Find the z test statistic. c. What is the P-value for your z? What do you conclude about male hotel managers? 17,31 Is This What P Means? A randomized comparative experiment examined + the effect of the attractiveness of an instructor on the performance of students on a quiz given by the instructor. The researchers found a statistically significant difference in quiz scores between students in a class with an instructor rated as attractive and students in a class with an instructor rated as unattractive (P = 0.005). When asked to explain the meaning of "P=0.005," a student says, "This means there is only probability of 0.005 that the null hypothesis is true. Explain what P = 0.005 really means in a way that makes it clear that the student's explanation is wrong. a 17.32 How to Show That You Are Rich. Every society has its own marks of wealth and prestige. In ancient China, it appears that owning pigs was such a mark. Evidence comes from examining burial sites. The skulls of sacrificed pigs tend to appear along with expensive ornaments, which suggests that the pigs, like the ornaments, signal the wealth and prestige of the person buried. A study of burials from around 3500 B.C. concluded that there are striking differences in grave goods between burials with pig skulls and burials without them....A test indicates that the two samples of total artifacts are statistically significantly different at the 0.01 level." Explain clearly why statistically significantly different at the 0.01 level" gives good reason to think that there really is a systematic difference between burials that contain pig skulls and those that lack them. 17.33 Alleviating Test Anxiety. Research suggests that pressure to perform well can reduce performance on exams. Are there effective strategies to deal with pressure? In an experiment, researchers had students take a test on mathematical skills. The same students were then asked to take a second test on the same skills. However, for the second test, the researchers added conditions intended to increase the pressure to perform well. Now each student was paired with a partner, and only if both improved their scores would they receive a monetary reward for participating in the experiment. They were also told that their performance would be videotaped and watched by teachers and students. Students were then randomly divided into two groups. One group served as a control. To help them cope with the pressure, 10 minutes before the second exam, students in the second group were asked to write as candidly as possible about their thoughts and feelings regarding the exam. The difference in the test scores (posttest pretest score) was computed. Students who expressed their thoughts before the second high-pressure test showed a statistically significant 5% math accuracy improvement from the pretest to posttest" (P