1.Battling the opioid crisis. Read through the Key Pointsand Abstractfor the article Effect of a Single Dose of Oral Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics on Acute Extremity Pain in the Emergency Department, then answer these questions.

a.State the hypotheses for this test (both numerically and in words).

b.Explain what "In this randomized clinical trial of 411 ED patients with acute extremity pain (mean score, 8.7 on the 11-point numerical rating scale), there was no significant difference in pain reduction at 2 hours." means, as if you were explaining it to someone without a statistics background.

c.The article said, "Analysis of variance was used to test the overall between-group difference at P=.05 and 99.2% CIs adjusted for multiple pairwise comparisons." Show how the researchers determined the confidence level to be 99.2%.

d.In the Results section of the abstract, 95% confidence interval for each group were made. Draw out each of the intervals on a number line. Which intervals overlap each other? Which don't? What do overlapping intervals mean about the mean pain level for the groups? What do non-overlapping intervals mean about the mean pain level for the groups?