1.In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a non-profit group affiliated with the US National Academy of Sciences, reviewed a study measuring bone quality and levels of vitamin-D in a random sample from bodies of 675 people who died in good health. 8.5% of the 82 bodies with low vitamin-D levels (below 50 nmol/L) had weak bones. Comparatively, 1% of the 593 bodies with regular vitamin-D levels had weak bones.

Is a normal model a good fit for the sampling distribution?

1. Yes, there are close to equal numbers in each group.
2. Yes, there are at least 10 people with weak bones and 10 people with strong bones in each group.
3. No, the groups are not the same size.
4. No, there are not at least 10 people with weak bones and 10 people with strong bones in each group.

2.A politician claims that a larger proportion of members of the news media are Democrats when compared to the general public. Let p₁represent the proportion of the news media that is Democrat and p₂represent the proportion of the public that is Democrat. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses that correspond to this claim?

1. H₀: p₁- p₂= 0; H_a: p₁- p₂< 0
2. H₀: p₁- p₂= 0; H_a: p₁- p₂> 0
3. H₀: p₁- p₂= 0; H_a: p₁- p₂ 0

3.A scientist claims that a smaller proportion of members of the National Academy of Sciences are women when compared to the proportion of women nationwide. Let p₁represent the proportion of women in the National Academy of Sciences and p₂represent the proportion of women nationwide. Which is the correct alternative hypotheses that corresponds to this claim?

1. H_a: p₁- p₂< 0
2. H_a: p₁- p₂> 0
3. H_a: p₁- p₂ 0

4.In the articleFoods, Fortificants, and Supplements: Where Do Americans Get Their Nutrients?researchers analyze the nutrient and vitamin intake from a random sample of 16,110 U.S. residents. Researchers compare the level of daily vitamin intake for vitamin A, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and calcium. Unless otherwise stated, all hypothesis tests in the study are conducted at the 5% significance level.

To test the claim (at 5% significance) that the proportion of U.S. residents who consume recommended levels of vitamin A is higher among women than men, researchers set up the following hypotheses:

In this hypothesis test which of the following errors is a Type I error?

1. Researchers conclude that a larger proportion of women consume the recommended daily intake of vitamin A when there is actually no difference between vitamin A consumption for women and men.
2. Researchers conclude that there is no difference between vitamin A consumption for women and men when actually a larger proportion of women consume the recommended daily intake of vitamin A.

5.In the article "Foods, Fortificants, and Supplements: Where Do Americans Get Their Nutrients?" researchers analyze the nutrient and vitamin intake from a random sample of 16,110 U.S. residents. Researchers compare the level of daily vitamin intake for vitamin A, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and calcium. Unless otherwise stated, all hypothesis tests in the study are conducted at the 5% significance level.

Researchers conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of U.S. residents consuming recommended levels of calcium is different among women and men. The p-value is 0.035, and researchers conduct this test at a 5% level of significance. What does a p-value of 0.035 mean?

1. There is a 3.5% chance that there is no difference in calcium consumption for women and men.
2. If the calcium consumption rates are different for the women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future experiments will show the same difference in calcium consumption as observed in this experiment.
3. If calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that future studies will show differences in calcium consumption greater than observed in this study.
4. If calcium consumption is the same for women and men, there is a 3.5% chance that calcium consumption will be different in future experiments.

6.In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a non-profit group affiliated with the US National Academy of Sciences, reviewed a study measuring bone quality and levels of vitamin-D in a random sample from bodies of 675 people who died in good health. 8.5% of the 82 bodies with low vitamin-D levels (below 50 nmol/L) had weak bones. Comparatively, 1% of the 593 bodies with regular vitamin-D levels had weak bones.

Medical researchers are conducting a double-blind experiment treating high blood pressure patients with a new vitamin supplement. The researchers are conducting a hypothesis test in which a Type I error is very serious, and the Type II error is not very serious. Which level of significance is the best choice?

1. = 0.01
2. = 0.05
3. = 0.10

7.Students in a discussion of gun control in a sociology class at Foothill Community College argue that Republicans are more likely to oppose gun control than Independents. They use data from an article titled "Gun Control Splits America," published March 23, 2010 in pewresarch.org by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. In this study 62% of Republicans and 57% of Independents say that states should not be able to pass laws banning handguns.

For a claim that a larger proportion of Republicans oppose state laws banning handguns when compared to Independents, the null and alternative hypotheses are

Thep-value is 0.06. If we conduct this test at a 5% level of significance, what would be an appropriate conclusion?

1. RejectH₀, and supportH_a.
2. SupportH₀, and rejectH_a.
3. Fail to RejectH₀, do not supportH_a.

In the article,Attitudes About Marijuana and Political Views (Psychological Reports, 1973), researchers reported on the use of cannabis by liberals and conservatives during the 1970's.

To test the claim (at 1% significance) that the proportion of voters who smoked cannabis frequently was lower among conservatives, the hypotheses were

8.In the hypothesis test about cannabis use by conservatives and liberals, the test statistic was z = -4.27, with a correspondingp

-value of about 0.00001.

Which conclusion is most appropriate in the context of this situation?

1. The data do not support the claim that a lower proportion of conservatives smoke cannabis when compared to liberals.
2. The data support the claim that the proportion of conservatives who smoke cannabis is no different that the proportion for liberals.
3. The data support the claim that a lower proportion of conservatives smoke cannabis when compared to liberals.