1.What are the appropriate H0 and Ha for each of the following research studies? In addition, note whether the hypothesis test is one- or two-tailed.

a. A study in which researchers want to test whether there is a difference in spatial ability between left- and right-handed people

b. A study in which researchers want to test whether nurses who work 8-hour shifts de-liver higher-quality work than those who work 12-hour shifts

c. A study in which researchers want to deter-mine whether crate-training puppies is superior to training without a crate

2.A researcher believes that family size has increased in the last decade in comparison to the previous decade; that is, people are now having more children than they were before. What would the null and alternative hypothesis be in a study designed to assess this? Is this a one or two tailed hypothesis test?