1.What are the compositional layers of the earth?

2.What are their compositions? Where (at what depth) are their boundaries?

3. How do we know the answers to these questions?

4.What are the rheological layers of the earth? What are their rheologies?

5.Where (at what depth) are their boundaries?

6.How do they arise? (Why does one layer have a different rheology than another?)

7.What are the compositions of the various rheological layers?

What is the "Moho"?

8.Why isn't the mantle molten? What is the geothermal gradient?

9. What is the source or sources of the earth's heat?

10.What does it mean to be a "rock"?

11.What are the three main categories of rocks and what are their key characteristics? What is a mineral?

12.What is a silicate mineral? What are the fundamental structures of silicate minerals? What is luster? What is cleavage?

13.How is hardness of minerals measured? What is the most abundant atom in the rocky part of the earth? What is the most abundant mineral in the crust? What are the minerals in the mantle? What is the liquidus? What is the solidus? What are the states of rocks found at temperatures above and below each of these lines? What is partial melting? What is fractional crystallization?

14.What are the three main types of rheology that rocks exhibit? Under what conditions would a rock have one kind of rheology versus another? What is the yield strength of a rock?

15.What is isostasy? Why do mountains have roots?

16.How and why does mantle convection occur?

17. Why do plates subduct?

18.Name the periods of the Geologic Time Scale.

19.When did life appear? How old is the earth and how do we know that?

20.How is the time scale subdivided? When was the end of the Mesozoic? What is an earthquake? What is elastic energy?

21. How is elastic energy stored and released by rocks?

22. What is a P-wave? What is the significance of the P-wave shadow zone? How does it arise? What is the significance of the S-wave shadow zone? How does it arise?

Identify a process shown in the diagram that removes carbon from the atmosphere.

(b) For a process shown in the diagram that also plays a role in the hydrologic cycle, describe the role that process plays in the hydrologic cycle.

(c) Identify a process shown in the diagram that sequesters carbon from the atmosphere for a geological period of time.

(d) Explain how the rate at which fossil fuels are transferred into the atmosphere, as shown in the diagram, has altered the carbon cycle during the past 250 years.

(e) Identify an energy source in the diagram commonly used to produce electricity that also causes acid rain and describe how it causes acid rain.

(f) Describe a method for reducing the cause of acid rain you described in part (e).

Scientists are interested in investigating how limestone can be used to remediate the effects of acid rain. They collect water from a lake that has recently been exposed to acid rain. They divide the water into 10 different tanks and add different amounts of limestone to nine of the tanks. No limestone is added to one of the tanks. The pH of the water in the tanks is measured before the limestone is added and once every hour for 24 hours. (g) Identify the independent variable in this investigation.

(h) Identify the dependent variable in this investigation.

(i) Identify the control group in this investigation.

(j) Describe how the results of the experiment would likely change if it was conducted at a lower temperature.

(k) Describe one additional variable that has not been mentioned that could affect the results of the investigation.

(l) Describe a modification that could be made to the investigation that would affect the results.

(a) Describe how a thermal inversion would form in the city shown in the diagram.

(b) Describe the relationship between a thermal inversion and pollution.

(c) Explain how one factor related to climate could make the city shown in the diagram susceptible to prolonged periods of ground-level ozone and smog.

(d) Explain how a geographical feature could make the city shown in the diagram susceptible to prolonged periods of ground-level ozone and smog.

(e) Explain how the average annual precipitation compares on the east and west sides of the mountains shown in the diagram.

Air pollution is not the only problem associated with urbanization. Human-made structures in urban areas can increase the amount of runoff reaching streams and lakes. (f) Describe how a common human-made structure found in urban areas contributes to urban runoff reaching streams and lakes.r