(2) Essay One (8 pointsf20 points) - approximately 1200 words Fairtrade is a certication system established in 1988 by a cooperative of small coffee producers in Mexico and a Dutch NGO. The producers in Mexico were frustrated that they had to sell their coffee through "middle men" who took most of the prots from the coffee. They wanted more direct access (shorter supply chains, fewer middle men) to Northern consumers, many of whom had expressed their interest in buying directly from small producers. Developing a certification system would enable Northern consumers to be able to more easily identify coffee that was fairly produced and provided greater benets to small producers. To this end the new certification system included: (a) a guaranteed minimum price, which is higher than the market price (to deal with price uctuations in commodity markets and to ensure the coffee farmers would have a sustainable livelihood); (b) a reguirement that small producers would be democratically organized in cooperatives or associations (to provide producers with a greater ability to negotiate prices, to improve their organizational capacity and, thereby to improve their quality, produce more sustainably, etc.; (c) and buyers were encouraged to sign long-term contracts with farmers (to ensure income stability for producers) and provide other fOI'lIlS of support to producers (to improve product quality, to promote more sustainable production, to develop local infrastructure, to diversify their production, etc.). The initial buyers of Fairtrade coffee were almost exclusively Northern cooperatives, NGOs and independent coffee buyers (some of who formed their own buying cooperative, Cooperative Coffees). Many of these organization (100%ers), only buy (and sell) fairtrade coffee. Only after these small buyers proved that there was a market for fairtrade coffee (and boycotts by consumers of large coffee retailers such as Starbucks), did larger corporate buyers enter the fairtrade market. Unlike the smaller companies, however, they only coverted a small pertcenage (2-10%) of their coffee sales to Fairtrade coffee, preferring instead to promote other certification programs with lower standards. These large corporations, however, because they are so much larger, actually tend to buy more fair trade coffee than the small, more dedicated companies that buys'sell only fairtrade coffee. You work in the procurement office of a large Canadian University which has a Fairtrade policy. Your office is trying to determine if they should purchase Fairtade Coffee from one of three type of vendors: o a small, pioneering social economy business (such as JustUs! Co'ee Roasters, a small cooperative in Nova Scotia which was the rst company to sell Fairtrade products in Canada); a a social business (such as Reunion Island, a medium-sized privately-owned company in Ontario, which has recently become a B-corp); :- a larger corporate actor (such as Starbucks, a large multinational corporation which is the world's largest buyer of fair trade coffee and currently operates on your campus. Starbucks is popular with some on the campus, but which has come under attack from several NGOs and, student and consumer organizations). You have been tasked with writing a report which recommends a single supplier for the University. In your report to are supposed to explain how the organizational structures of the different types of coffee buyers are likely to condition the benets that they supply to small producers and how their practices and performance are likely to align with the University's commitment to social justice and sustainability. In answering this question you should develop both normative arguments (moral, ethical, legitimacy) and pragmatic arguments (regarding the organizations' efciency, capacity, etc.), and indicate how you balance these (if necessary)