2. How Compassionate is Your Dog? Can dogs recognize when their owner is in distress? In one study, 34 dog-owner pairs were recruited to participate in an experiment? in which the owner sat behind a magnetic door that the dog could push open. The pairs were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: in the distress condition, the owner said help in a distressed tone exey 15 seconds and made crying sounds between speaking. In the control condition, the owner said heip in a neutral tone and hummed between speaking. The vocalizations between the two groups were at the same volume. (a) One part of the study tested whether the proportion of dogs opening the door to be with their owner was higher for dogs in the distress condition than for dogs in the control condition. State the null and alternative hypotheses for this test. (b) For the test in part (a), the evidence from the sample was not strong enough to support the alternative hypothesis. Explain what this means in terms of dogs and owners. (c) Another part of the study looked only at the dogs that did open the door, and tested whether the mean time to open the door was smaller for dogs in the distress condition than for dogs in the control condition (meaning that dogs reacted faster when owners were distressed.) State the null and alternative hypotheses for this test. (d) For the test in part (c), the evidence from the sample was strong enough to support the alternative hypothesis. Explain what this means in terms of dogs and owners.