2) In the late 18th century, a semaphore system began to be used in France (https://www.amusingplanet.com/2017/01/semaphore-worlds-first-telegraph.html). Towers were placed approximately 35km apart (though this varied on terrain) and required line of sight. The article says that a skilled operator in clear weather could send three symbols per minute, and that a single symbol sent from Paris would arrive at Lille (about 200km) away in 9 minutes. They also write that a complete message of more than 30 symbols took about 30 minutes.

a) Assuming 8 bits per character, what is the throughput of this channel?

b) Considering the Paris to Lille link (and assuming 33-1/3 km between stations), how would you characterize the delay components? Hint: think about how a semaphore system must operate.

c) How do you reconcile the statements that a single symbol took 9 minutes and a 30 symbol message took 30 minutes using the model of a the Paris-Lille link of (b)? When the telegraph was introduced in the 1850s, it was initially resisted because of this semaphore system, though this was short lived. To understand why, note that a skilled telegraph operator could send 30 words (150 characters) per minute.

d) Assuming 8 bits per character, what is the throughput of this channel?

e) How is the model of the transmission system different than the semaphore?

f) How long would it take to transmit the same 30 symbol message?

g) Reflect on the economics of the semaphore system vs. the telegraph system (hint: think about constructing and staffing stations in each system).