2. Paired samples t-test: A researcher hypothesized that college students would have a tendency to be more liberal at the end of college relative to the beginning. A researcher measured the political orientation of 12 college freshmen using a scale that ranged from liberal to conservative (1 being extremely liberal; 6 being extremely conservative). Four years later, just before graduation, the same 12 students reported their political orientation again. The following scores were obtained. 2008 2012 (X1) (X 2) 4 auIN AAWAN- WNWN ANWNAAWA. M Difference = .58 SD Difference = 2.31