2. Read the attached WSJ article "Insurance Firms Gain Early Lead in Coronavirus Legal Fight With Businesses" and answer the following questions (10 points in total) a. What type of insurance may cover losses due to shutdown caused by the pandemic? b. Between insurers and insured, who are favored so far in the legal dispute and why (i.e., what is the argument in favor of that party (insurers or insured))? c. What is the cardinal rule of insurance mentioned in the article? How is this rule related to the current legal fight between insurers and insured? d. What is the argument made by insured that insurance companies should pay for their losses due to the shutdown? Please cite an example from the article. e. Between the argument made by insurers and insured, which one is more convincing to you? Explain your answer? Insurance Firms Gain Early Lead in Coronavirus Legal Fight With Businesses Courts have only just begun to work through more than 1,000 shutdown-related business-interruption coverage disputes By Leslie Scism Sept. 1, 2020 9:00 am ET U.S. property insurers have won a flurry of judicial rulings backing up their rejections of claims for businesses lost income during government-ordered shutdowns, dimming policyholders' hopes of payments to help them rebound. In recent weeks, insurers have won more rulings than policyholders as the courts begin to work through more than 1,000 Covid-19 business-interruption coverage disputes. Still, policyholders scored success in a federal court in Missouri, boosting efforts to interpret property insurance as covering claims from the coronavirus. Across the U.S., restaurants, hair salons, retailers and other businesses are seeking policy proceeds to deal with the huge economic cost of the shutdowns, in one of the biggest fights the insurance industry has ever waged with its policyholders. In the rulings, the judges sympathize with businesses plight, but most so far support insurers' legal arguments. Insurers say the policies are intended to help policyholders as they recover from events, such as fires, that lead to repairs and rebuilding, and were never intended to cover virus-related claims. So far insurers have prevailed in state courts in California, Michigan and the District of Columbia, and in federal courts in Texas and California, according to a Covid-19 litigation- tracking effort at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. On Thursday, a federal magistrate judge recommended the dismissal of a lawsuit brought by a Miami restaurant. Those actions follow a May hearing where a Southern District of New York federal judge said she would rule against a magazine publisher seeking to force an insurer to pay a Covid-19 claim. The policyholder's lawyer withdrew the case before the judge issued a written opinion. "We are at an important inflection point," said Randy Maniloff, an attorney at White & Williams LLP, who represents insurers. "If the score continues to be lopsided, the decisions will become a strong headwind for policyholders trying to convince judges to see the issues differently." However, policyholders' lawyers say that many states have yet to rule, and appeals could undo some of insurers' early wins. "There are a few states that have favorable law on certain key issues, and many do not," said Alexandra Rais, a partner with Lathrop GPM LLP, who represents policyholders. Until the states more favorable to policyholders deliver rulings, "we won't know which way the wind is blowing." she said. Business-interruption coverage is a subset of property insurance, and with limited exception insurers say they didn't collect premiums for virus-related claims. Pandemics, they say, violate a cardinal principle of insurance: Large numbers of policyholders pool their risk to finance a few losses in a given year, while policyholders suffer losses simultaneously during a pandemic. Many policies specifically exclude claims stemming from viruses. Among challenges for policyholders in policies without the specific exclusions, business-income coverage typically requires "direct physical loss or damage to have caused the interruption. Over the years, many courts have interpreted this to mean tangible or structural damage to property. To clear this hurdle, hotel company The Inns by the Sea asserts in its lawsuit in Monterey County, Calif., that the coronavirus is a "hazardous physical substance that permeates the air and sticks to surfaces, and causes both physical loss of and damage to property," Michael Reiser, one of the hotelier's lawyers, said in an interview. The business is appealing the Aug. 6 ruling against it, he said. In their lawsuits, plaintiffs are drawing on past rulings in which judges concluded that things like wildfire smoke, gasoline vapors and carbon monoxide created property damage. Still, in a typical example so far, U.S. District Judge David Ezra dismissed a case brought by San Antonio-area barbershops after concluding that a direct physical loss requires a "distinct, demonstrable, physical alteration of the property." The plaintiffs will appeal. "We believe that our clients have suffered physical loss," said their lawyer, Shannon Laxd. Insurers generally contend that any danger posed by the coronavirus can be wiped away with household cleaners. In two cases in federal court in Missouri, a judge rejected insurer Cincinnati Financial Corps motion to dismiss the litigation. Judge Stephen Bough said the plaintiffs,hair salons, bars and restaurants,"have plausibly alleged that Covid-19 particles attached to and damaged their property, which made their premises unsafe and unusable." Now, as the case proceeds, the plaintiffs must document the nature and extent of Covid-19 on the relevant property to get their claims paid, the judge said. "The initial decisions indicate, on the whole, these cases can ultimately be resolved consistent with insurers' underwriting intent as reflected in the language of the policies," said Bryce Friedman, a lawyer with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, who represents insurers. Plaintiffs beg to differ. Mr. Reiser, the lawyer in the California case, is hoping for a quick response from the appellate court. "Thousands of entrepreneurs and small-business owners are facing permanent closure or bankruptcy based on dubious coverage denials," he said. 2. Read the attached WSJ article "Insurance Firms Gain Early Lead in Coronavirus Legal Fight With Businesses" and answer the following questions (10 points in total) a. What type of insurance may cover losses due to shutdown caused by the pandemic? b. Between insurers and insured, who are favored so far in the legal dispute and why (i.e., what is the argument in favor of that party (insurers or insured))? c. What is the cardinal rule of insurance mentioned in the article? How is this rule related to the current legal fight between insurers and insured? d. What is the argument made by insured that insurance companies should pay for their losses due to the shutdown? Please cite an example from the article. e. Between the argument made by insurers and insured, which one is more convincing to you? Explain your answer? Insurance Firms Gain Early Lead in Coronavirus Legal Fight With Businesses Courts have only just begun to work through more than 1,000 shutdown-related business-interruption coverage disputes By Leslie Scism Sept. 1, 2020 9:00 am ET U.S. property insurers have won a flurry of judicial rulings backing up their rejections of claims for businesses lost income during government-ordered shutdowns, dimming policyholders' hopes of payments to help them rebound. In recent weeks, insurers have won more rulings than policyholders as the courts begin to work through more than 1,000 Covid-19 business-interruption coverage disputes. Still, policyholders scored success in a federal court in Missouri, boosting efforts to interpret property insurance as covering claims from the coronavirus. Across the U.S., restaurants, hair salons, retailers and other businesses are seeking policy proceeds to deal with the huge economic cost of the shutdowns, in one of the biggest fights the insurance industry has ever waged with its policyholders. In the rulings, the judges sympathize with businesses plight, but most so far support insurers' legal arguments. Insurers say the policies are intended to help policyholders as they recover from events, such as fires, that lead to repairs and rebuilding, and were never intended to cover virus-related claims. So far insurers have prevailed in state courts in California, Michigan and the District of Columbia, and in federal courts in Texas and California, according to a Covid-19 litigation- tracking effort at the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School. On Thursday, a federal magistrate judge recommended the dismissal of a lawsuit brought by a Miami restaurant. Those actions follow a May hearing where a Southern District of New York federal judge said she would rule against a magazine publisher seeking to force an insurer to pay a Covid-19 claim. The policyholder's lawyer withdrew the case before the judge issued a written opinion. "We are at an important inflection point," said Randy Maniloff, an attorney at White & Williams LLP, who represents insurers. "If the score continues to be lopsided, the decisions will become a strong headwind for policyholders trying to convince judges to see the issues differently." However, policyholders' lawyers say that many states have yet to rule, and appeals could undo some of insurers' early wins. "There are a few states that have favorable law on certain key issues, and many do not," said Alexandra Rais, a partner with Lathrop GPM LLP, who represents policyholders. Until the states more favorable to policyholders deliver rulings, "we won't know which way the wind is blowing." she said. Business-interruption coverage is a subset of property insurance, and with limited exception insurers say they didn't collect premiums for virus-related claims. Pandemics, they say, violate a cardinal principle of insurance: Large numbers of policyholders pool their risk to finance a few losses in a given year, while policyholders suffer losses simultaneously during a pandemic. Many policies specifically exclude claims stemming from viruses. Among challenges for policyholders in policies without the specific exclusions, business-income coverage typically requires "direct physical loss or damage to have caused the interruption. Over the years, many courts have interpreted this to mean tangible or structural damage to property. To clear this hurdle, hotel company The Inns by the Sea asserts in its lawsuit in Monterey County, Calif., that the coronavirus is a "hazardous physical substance that permeates the air and sticks to surfaces, and causes both physical loss of and damage to property," Michael Reiser, one of the hotelier's lawyers, said in an interview. The business is appealing the Aug. 6 ruling against it, he said. In their lawsuits, plaintiffs are drawing on past rulings in which judges concluded that things like wildfire smoke, gasoline vapors and carbon monoxide created property damage. Still, in a typical example so far, U.S. District Judge David Ezra dismissed a case brought by San Antonio-area barbershops after concluding that a direct physical loss requires a "distinct, demonstrable, physical alteration of the property." The plaintiffs will appeal. "We believe that our clients have suffered physical loss," said their lawyer, Shannon Laxd. Insurers generally contend that any danger posed by the coronavirus can be wiped away with household cleaners. In two cases in federal court in Missouri, a judge rejected insurer Cincinnati Financial Corps motion to dismiss the litigation. Judge Stephen Bough said the plaintiffs,hair salons, bars and restaurants,"have plausibly alleged that Covid-19 particles attached to and damaged their property, which made their premises unsafe and unusable." Now, as the case proceeds, the plaintiffs must document the nature and extent of Covid-19 on the relevant property to get their claims paid, the judge said. "The initial decisions indicate, on the whole, these cases can ultimately be resolved consistent with insurers' underwriting intent as reflected in the language of the policies," said Bryce Friedman, a lawyer with Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, who represents insurers. Plaintiffs beg to differ. Mr. Reiser, the lawyer in the California case, is hoping for a quick response from the appellate court. "Thousands of entrepreneurs and small-business owners are facing permanent closure or bankruptcy based on dubious coverage denials," he said