2. Which of the following best illustrates an example of confirmation bias? a.) An experimenter ignores evidence that contradicts their theory. b.) An experimenter highlights refuting evidence for their theory. c.) An experimenter does not attempt to falsifying theory. d.) An experimenter replicates their experiments and publishes. 3. Factorial design is a statistical procedure meant for what? a.) To perform post hoc tests and test for main effects. b.) To test the difference in the means of two groups. c.) To test the difference in the variance of two groups. d.) Tests for main effects for each IV, and their possible interaction. 4. In a 4 X 2 factorial design, how many conditions are there? a.) b.) 00 Un W N C.) d.) 5. In a 3 X 2 X 2 factorial design, how many independent variables are there? a.) 3 b.) 7 c.) 6 d.) 12 6. In a 4 X 2 factorial design, how many independent variables are there? a.) 2 b.) 3 C.) 4 d.) 8 7. In a 3 x 2 factorial design, how many main effects are tested? a.) 2 b.) 3 c.) 5 d.) 6 2.5 1.5 0.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 8. The graph above shows 8 graduate students' GPA on the Y axis, and goof off time per week on the X axis, and seems to depict a: a.) Negative correlation. b.) Positive correlation. c.) Significant interaction effect. d.) No correlation at all. 9. What is a type-1 error? a.) An incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis. b.) An incorrect failure to reject the null hypothesis. c.) When an experimenter fails to run a power analysis. d.) When an experimenter misinterprets the results of their power analysis. 10. Social scientists use what critical value to determine the statistical significance of their experiments? a.) .1 b.).05 c.) .005 d.) .01 1 1. Descriptive statistics test causal relations between experimental groups. a.) True. b.) False. 12. The following would be the proper statistical analysis to determine if there is a relationship between depression and level of education. a.) t-test. b.) Correlation. c.) 3 x 4 factorial design. d.) Can't be determined.14. The graph below shows a well known curve for arousal and test taking, called the Yerkes-Dodson curve. What does this graph seem to show? MODERATE AROUSAL LEVEL 15. In a normal distribution, what percent of the population generally falls between -1 and +1 standard deviations away from the mean? a.) 99%. b.) 95%. c.) 68%. 1.) 47.5% 16. What does it mean to say an experimental design is between groups? a.) Each group gets all the conditions of the independent variable. b.) Each group gets all the conditions of the dependent variable. c.) Each group gets only one of the conditions of the independent variable. d.) Each group gets only one of the conditions of the dependent variable. 17. In the debriefing, participants are enlightened to any deceptions that were necessary for the experiment. a.) True. b.) False. 18. A double blind protocol is used to eliminate experimenter biases. a.) True. b.) False. 19. What does the alpha level tell an experimenter? a.) Likelihood of a type-1 error. b.) Likelihood of a type-2 error. c.) The homogeneity of the groups. d.) The marginal significance of the results. 20. What is the acceptable level of a possible type-one error in the social sciences? a.) 5% b. ) 10%. c.) 20%. d.) 25%. 21. The following is not an example of a subject variable? a.) Age. b.) Ethnicity. c.) College major. d.) a, b, and c are all subject variables. 22. Which of the following describes a possible cause for a ceiling effect? a.) A memory test where everyone scored well. b.) A memory test where everyone scored poorly. .) A memory test where the groups were not tested on the same day. d.) A memory test that has known extraneous variables. 23. If a single factor ANOVA shows a significant result, the next step is to: a.) Try to publish the results. b.) Perform post hoc tests. c.) Eliminate outliers. d.) Do a power analysis. 24. External validity refers to the generalizability of a research finding. a.) True. b.) False. 25. An ANOVA tests the differences between 3 or more groups. a.) True. b. ) False.26. A child psychologist does an observational study in a schoolyard, which of the following is true of this study. a.) Causal claims can't be made. b.) Causal claims can be made. c.) Informed consent is still needed. d.) Larger sample sizes are needed. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Number of Points in Class Type Ill Sum Source of Squares Mean Square Sig Corrected Model 8667.053 3 2889.018 5.043 012 Intercept 2256018.640 2256018.640 3937.693 000 Class 313.394 313.394 547 470 GPA 6157.508 5157.508 9.002 008 Class . GPA 3196.150 3196.150 5.571 031 Error 9166.865 16 572.929 Total 2273852.559 20 Corrected Total 17833.918 19 a. R Squared = .486 (Adjusted R Squared = 390) 27. How many IV's were there in the above experiment? a.) 2 b.) 1 c.) 3 d.) 4 28. How many DV's were there in the above experiment? a.) 2 b.) 1 c.) 3 d.) 4 29. What is the proper interpretation of the results shown above? a.) 1 significant main effect and an interaction b.) 1 significant main effect and no interaction. c.) 2 significant main effects and an interaction. d.) 3 significant main effects and no interaction. 30. What variables have main effects? 31. What is the p-value for the interaction? 32. What is the percentage of likelihood for a type one error for GPA? Use the following to answer questions 33-39. A researcher wants to find out whether the way information is presented (written or oral) influences people's performance on a memory task. In order to do this, the experimenter designs an experiment where 40 participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group, 20 participants (written) are shown 50 concrete noun words and 50 abstract noun words in the form of a written list. Then, the list is taken and they are asked to list as many of the items that they can remember. In another group, 20 participants (oral) are read 50 concrete noun words and 50 abstract noun words one at a time. Then, they are asked to list as many of the items that they can remember. 33. In the above example, what is the independent variable(s)? a.) Amount of words on the list to be remembered. b.) Only concrete noun/abstract noun groups c.) Only written/oral groups d.) Both concrete noun/abstract noun and oral/written groups 34. In the above example, what is the dependent variable? a.) Amount of items remembered. b.) Concrete noun/abstract noun c.) Written/oral d.) Concrete noun/abstract noun and written/oral groups 35. In the above example, what would be the appropriate statistical analysis? a.) 2 x 2 factorial design. b.) 2 x 2 x 2 factorial ANOVA. c.) An independent samples one-way ANOVA. d.) A repeated measures one-way ANOVA. 36. The written/oral variable is a within subjects variable. a.) True b.) False 37. The concrete/abstract variable is a within subjects variable. a.) True b.) False 38. In the above example, how many possible effects are there? b.) 2d.) 4 39. This experiment would be considered a mixed design. a.) True b.) False : 8 8 8 + females -males 30 20 10 minority same 40. What does the graph above showing data on stereotype threat we discussed in class seem to show? a.) 2 main effects and an interaction effect. .) 2 main effects and no interaction effect. .) No main effects and an interaction effect. 1.) No main effects and no interaction effect. 41. What is the proper interpretation of the graph showing the data on stereotype threat? 25 20 15 imagery rate 10 5 2 sec 4 sec 42. What does the graph above seem to show? a.) 2 main effects and an interaction effect. .) 2 main effects and no interaction effect. .) 1 main effects and an interaction effect. d.) 1 main effects and no interaction effect. 43. Which of the following is not a type of scale used in research? a.) Nominal. b.) Ordinal. c.) Ratio. d.) A, B, and C are all types of scales. 44. A t-test is a test of the means between 2 groups. a.) True. b.) False. 45. Which of the following is a true statement? a.) A nominal scale is categorical. b.) Psychological constructs can be independent variables or dependent variables. c.) Psychologists typically use inferential statistics to analyze their data. d.) A, B, and C, are all true statements. 46. Does ethnicity influence musical taste? a.) Is an example of a construct. b.) Is an example of a hypothesis. c.) Both A and B. d.) Neither A or B 47. Which of the following is a construct that's researched in the social sciences? a.) Academic success. b.) Socioecon47. Which of the following is a construct that's researched in the social sciences? a.) Academic success. b.) Socioeconomic status. c.) Confidence at the workplace. d.) All of the above. 48. An experiment must have a control group. a.) True. b.) False. 49. Internal validity refers to: a.) The hypothesis. b.) Whether the results of an experiment can be generalized. c.) The reliability of the inferences being drawn from the results of a study. d.) The ethics of the experiment. 50. Stanley Milgram's famous study on conformity had no real ethical problems because none of the subjects in the study were actually physically harmed a.) True b.) False